Resource Lists
HVAC SYSTEMS IN SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Information on heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems in school facilities, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. References to Books and Other Media
EPA: IAQ Design Tools for Schools
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012)
Website developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to help school districts and facility planners find the information resources they need to design new school facilities, and repair existing facilities. Topics include: high performance schools, school siting, pre-design, materials selection, HVAC, controlling pollutants, moisture control, construction, commissioning, operations and maintenance, renovation and repair, portable classrooms, IAQ Tools for Schools.
Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IAQ Design Tools for Schools, 2012)
Discusses the following: Codes and Standards; Potential for Natural Ventilation and Operable Windows; Selection of HVAC Equipment; Energy Recovery Ventilation; Location of Outdoor Air Intakes and Exhaust; Outdoor Air Quantity; Air Filtration; Ventilation Controls; Moisture and Humidity Control; Air Distribution; Exhaust Air; Designing for Efficient Operations and Maintenance; and Commissioning.
Thermal Comparison between Ceiling Diffusers and Fabric Ductwork Diffusers for Green Buildings.  Fontanini, Anthony; Olsen, Michael; Ganapathysubramanian, Baskar (Iowa State University, Ames , Jul 2011)
Compares the performance of conventional ductwork with recent advancements in fabric-based ductwork. The article focuses on the transient behavior of an on/off control system, as well as the steady state behavior of the two ductwork systems. Transient, fully three dimensional validated computational (CFD) simulations are performed to determine flow patterns and thermal evolution in rooms containing either conventional or fabric ductwork. The results conclusively show that fabric ducting systems are superior to the conventional systems in terms of efficiency. Observations from the data show that fabric ducting systems heat the room faster, more uniformly, and more efficiently. The increase in performance demonstrates the potential benefits of moving away from conventional systems to fabric systems for the construction of green buildings: particularly in conjunction with adaptive control systems. 41p.
Absence Of Classroom Ventilation At A Large Pre-k To 12 School District: Classroom Measurements, Equipment Configuration, Technical Challenges. Kasher, Brian T. (Presented at Indoor Air 2011, Austin, TX, Jun 08, 2011)
Classroom ventilation is recognized as a fundamental environmental component associated with the education process and academic performance. This presentation discusses classroom ventilation challenges of a large K12 school district. The district has 179 schools serving greater than 140,000 students. Thirty-one of the district’s schools are known to have an absence of mechanical ventilation to some or all educational space. Unventilated classrooms result from four primary causations. 1) Passive ventilation included in original design and construction of schools is rendered inoperable by retrofit air conditioning systems without ventilation components. 2) Economizer mode only outside air intake limits outdoor air to a few hours per year if system operates. 3) HVAC technicians called to remedy occupant temperature complaints, resulting in part from HVAC systems beyond their useful life cycle, close outside air intakes increasing HVAC heating/cooling capacity. 4) Sealing outdoor air intakes to avoid coil freezing and minimize outdoor air component maintenance requirements. District Maintenance has removed sheet metal covers over air intakes and Capital Program Services has updated a number of complete HVAC systems correcting the condition at a number of sites. Thirty-one remaining sites are subject of debate relating to ventilation necessity, definition of ventilation adequacy in terms of quantification, building configuration limitations, fiscal considerations and prioritization of competing physical plant resource need. Inadequate attention to HVAC systems often result from both competing fiscal interests and inadequate technical competencies. School occupants are generally not trained to ascertain the effects of inadequate ventilation; temperature is most often voiced concern relative to HVAC. School districts do not generally consider ventilation effects on academic performance when developing operations and capital budgets. This presentation includes discussion on internal school district considerations relative to improvement in ventilation promoting research potentials and practitioner understanding of the dynamics associated with problem resolution. [Author's abstract]
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http://www.abstractsonline.com
Achieving Acoustical Standards in the Classroom. Study of HVAC Systems and Classroom Acoustics. (Trane, 2011)
In recent testing, Trane has been able to prove that the ANSI/ASA S12.60 recommended sound levels can be met in new and existing schools buildings with minimal or no added cost using off-the-shelf HVAC equipment and industry-accepted design and construction practices. Trane built a classroom in its mock-up facility and tested a single-zone air handling unit and packaged rooftop unit. This paper describes those tests, the conclusion, and the resulting recommendations.
10p
Study of the Relationship Between Air-Conditioned Classrooms and Student Achievement. Lemasters, Linda K.; Earthman, Glen (Council of Educational Facility Planners International, 2011)
Previous research on the effect air-conditioning has upon the well being and performance of students has produced some very positive results indicating there is a relationship between the thermal environment and student achievement. Three hypotheses were developed to test the proposition that air-conditioned classrooms had an effect upon student performance. The present study used the 2001 student results of the Stanford Achievement Test, Ninth Edition in the 4th, 6th, and 9th grades to measure the effect air-conditioned classrooms have upon this performance. The mean scaled scores of the 10 subtests were used to make the comparison. The population of the study consisted of 10 school divisions in Virginia. Half of the school divisions had all of the buildings air-conditioned, while the other half had no air-conditioned buildings. Although only one statistical significant relationship was found through the ANCOVA, observations of other relationships indicated a recognizable difference between the 9th grade scores of students in air-conditioned and non air-conditioned buildings that was not present in the 4th grade scores. This leads to the belief that the longer students attend an air-conditioned building, the higher will be their achievement scores. [Authors' abstract]
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http://www.cefpi.org
Education Case Studies.
(Lennox, Inc., Richardson, TX, 2010)
Provides case studies for ten schools that variously improved indoor air quality, saved energy, and improved thermal comfort with Lennox equipment.
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank.
(Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, 2010)
Provides information for public health professionals, building professionals, and others who seek scientific information about the effects of IAQ on people's health or work performance. School-specific sections include Temperature and School Work Performance,
Ventilation Rates and School Performance, Ventilation Rates and Absences in Offices and Schools, and Daylight, View, and School and Office Work Performance.
Reduction of Tonal Noise in Lecture Room Air Conditioning Supply Ducts.
Evans, Jack (JEAcoustics, Austin, TX , Aug 2009)
Addresses the potential for aerodynamic and duct geometry contributions to noise generation, and solutions proposed to mitigate the sound. The case of a higher education lecture hall afflicted with audibly tonal background noise is cited. The ductwork, rather than the mechanical equipment, was responsible for the sound. Observations, measurements, and findings from the ductwork examination are presented, as are recommendations and implementation of the solution. Eight references are included. 6p.
Energy Guidelines For K-12 Public Schools.
(North Carolina Dept. of Public Instruction, Raleigh , Mar 2009)
Advises on a variety of building features that impact energy consumption. The publication opens with a discussion of life cycle costing, building modeling, and performance verification. Subsequent sections cover building orientation, architectural design, building materials, plumbing, HVAC systems, building controls, and lighting and power systems.. The publication describes varieties of systems available under each category, advises on their costs, and illustrates the energy impact of each. 27p.
Green Existing Schools: Project Management Guide.
(U.S. Green Building Council, Washington, DC , 2009)
Helps schools and school districts "green" their existing facilities and achieve LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification. The guide outlines the process for navigating LEED certification for existing schools and provides details on how to conduct organizational assessments,educate and train staff, initiate the certification process, and manage a campus- or district-wide plan. It is designed to be used in concert with additional resources contained in the Green Existing Schools Toolkit (www.usgbc.org/k12toolkit). 85p.
Procedural Standards for Whole Building Systems Commissioning of New Construction.
(National Environmental Balancing Bureau, Gaithersburg, MD, 2009)
Provides guidance for systematic development and implementation of a plan for commissioning building HVAC and Plumbing systems. The book is divided into three distinct parts: standards, process, and procedures. This third edition details the requirements for Whole Building Systems Commissioning and includes HVAC Systems,
Building Envelope, Electrical Systems, Special Electrical Systems, Plumbing Systems, and Fire Protection Systems. 100p.
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National Environmental Balancing Bureau, 8575 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877; 301-977-3698http://nebb.org/images/pdf/3rdeditionProcedural%20Standards%20for%20Building%20Systems%20Commissioning.pdf
Ventilation Checklist and Background Information.
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC , 2009)
Guides the maintenance staff in assessing HVAC products, practices, and equipment that affect indoor air quality, either positively or negatively. The checklist is used in conjunction with a background information document, found at http://epa.gov/iaq/schools/pdfs/kit/checklists/ventchklstbkgd.pdf 13p.
Ventilation Rates and School Work Performance.
(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA , 2009)
Summarizes results of studies showing statistically significant student performance increases in classrooms where ventilation rates were increased. 2p.
Savings Persist with Monitoring-Based Commissioning.
(E-Source, Boulder, CO , Sep 2008)
Describes how Monitoring-Based Commissioning, a program approach that combines permanent building energy system monitoring with standard retrocommissioning practices, can provide substantial, persistent energy savings. Permanent monitoring systems can identify previously unrecognizable and unquantifiable savings opportunities, such as equipment cycling, excessive simultaneous heating and cooling, or the unintended nighttime operation of HVAC and lighting equipment that would not be apparent from monthly utility readings. A pilot program conducted at 25 California university campuses demonstrated that MBCx has the ability to reduce peak-period and total annual electricity use, trend and benchmark building-performance data continuously, catch problems with control systems that are normally hard to detect, andi dentify cost-effective retrofit opportunities. 2p.
Report NO: CEC-TB-39
Underfloor Air: Better Models, Better Performance.
(Public Interest Energy Research Program, Sacramanto, CA , Jun 2008)
Discusses a new whole-building simulation software tool from the U.S. Dept. Of Energy that designers can use to calculate the energy use of underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems and compare their performance to conventional overhead air distribution systems. This improved understanding of UFAD systems can lead to better system design and increased efficiency for both new buildings and retrofits. 2p.
TDV Improves Efficiency and Classroom Environment.
(California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, Sacramento, CA , May 2008)
Describes the benefits of thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), which delivers cool air just above the floor at a very low velocity, after which it falls toward the floor and spreads across the room. As the air picks up heat from occupants and equipment, it rises to the ceiling and is exhausted from the space. Contaminants, including germs from the occupants, are carried up and out of the space instead of being mixed with the room air as they are with conventional ventilation schemes. TDV systems differ from underfloor air distribution systems in that they do not require a raised floor and they supply air at lower velocities. 2p.
Improving Ventilation and Saving Energy: Final Report on Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Monitoring in Sixteen Relocatable Classrooms.
Apte, Michael, et al (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA , Apr 04, 2008)
An improved HVAC system for portable classrooms was specified to address key problems in existing units. These included low energy efficiency, poor control of and provision for adequate ventilation, and excessive acoustic noise. Working with industry, a prototype improved heat pump air conditioner was developed to meet the specification. A one-year measurement-intensive field-test of ten of these IHPAC systems was conducted in occupied classrooms in two distinct California climates. These measurements are compared to those made in parallel in side by side portable classrooms equipped with standard 10 SEER heat pump air conditioner equipment. The IHPAC units were found to work as designed, providing predicted annual energy efficiency improvements of about 36 percent to 42 percent across California's climate zones, relative to 10 SEER units. Classroom ventilation was vastly improved as evidenced by far lower indoor minus outdoor CO2 concentrations. [Authors' abstract]
Ventilation Rates in Schools. D.J. Clements-Croomea, H.B. Awbia, Zs Bakó-Biróa, N. Kochhara, M. Williams (Building and Environment, Volume 43, Issue 3, Mar 2008)
Research shows that poor indoor air quality (IAQ) in school buildings can cause a reduction in the students’ performance assessed by short-term computer-based tests; whereas good air quality in classrooms can enhance children's concentration and also teachers’ productivity. Investigation of air quality in classrooms helps us to characterise pollutant levels and implement corrective measures. Outdoor pollution, ventilation equipment, furnishings, and human activities affect IAQ. In school classrooms, the occupancy density is high (1.8–2.4 m2/person) compared to offices (10 m2/person). Ventilation systems expend energy and there is a trend to save energy by reducing ventilation rates. We need to establish the minimum acceptable level of fresh air required for the health of the occupants. This paper describes a project, which will aim to investigate the effect of IAQ and ventilation rates on pupils’ performance and health using psychological tests. The aim is to recommend suitable ventilation rates for classrooms and examine the suitability of the air quality guidelines for classrooms. The air quality, ventilation rates and pupils’ performance in classrooms will be evaluated in parallel measurements. A total number of 20 primary schools in the Reading area are expected to participate in the present investigation, and the pupils participating in this study will be within the age group of 9–11 years. On completion of the project, based on the overall data recommendations for suitable ventilation rates for schools will be formulated. [Authors' abstract]
p362-367
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132306003568
Heating with Biomass: A Feasibility Study of Wisconsin Schools Heated with Wood.
(Focus on Energy, Madison, WI , Feb 2008)
Based on data collection from four schools in Wisconsin that currently heat with biomass, and recent fuel use and pricing, this study found that 200-300 schools in Wisconsin now heating with natural gas may find biomass heating economical at current fuel prices. These systems will often cash flow positive in the first year of installation. Case study results from the four schools are included. 38p.
Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings.
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers; Atlanta, GA , 2008)
Assists design teams in constructing energy-smart schools using off-the-shelf technology that can cut energy use 30 percent or more annually. It provides recommendations for various climate zones and implementation advice via a series of case studies. Also included are suggestions for achieving LEED energy credits and supplemental strategies for achieving advanced energy savings beyond 30 percent. Design suggestions from the guide include: 1) Daylight the classrooms and gym so that lights can be off most of the day, but design it carefully so that additional cooling needs are not required. 2) Design lighting that uses the most current energy-efficient lamps, ballasts, and integrated controls. 3) Control the HVAC system based on actual occupancy of each space at a given time. 4) Design a well-insulated envelope, including good wall and roof insulation and low-e windows. 5) Use high-efficiency heating and cooling equipment. 174p.
Report on Physical Facilities Including Air Conditioning Feasibility.
(Baltimore County Public Schools, Baltimore, MD , 2008)
Reports on facility condition in Baltimore County Public Schools. The report provides a building inventory that includes number of buildings, square footage, age, work order inventory, and grounds information. Also included are a review of the capital improvement program, feasibility study summaries for school renovation and air conditioning, and abundant before and after photographs. 145p.
Classroom Acoustical Study.
ATS&R; Kverstoen, Ronnholm, & Associates (Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute , Aug 27, 2007)
Summarizes a study of existing classrooms in light of ANSI standard S12.60, Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools. The study revealed that meeting the standard will require care in the application of HVAC equipment, the costs of implementing the standard are significant, partition walls that did not meet the Standard failed because of poor construction quality, and almost all classrooms met the Standard for reverberation times, even though that did not guarantee an acoustically acceptable room. 48p
Leavitt Area High School: Independent Evaluation of Wood Chip Heating System.
Doughty, Richard (Maine Dept. of Education, Augusta , Mar 07, 2007)
Reviews the energy and financial performance of a wood chip boiler installed in a Maine high school in 1999. Even though more labor-intensive to operate, the assessment of the system was favorable in that it shifted the school's dependency from fossil fuels to readily-available wood chips, thus lowering fuel costs and offering a boost to the state's struggling wood products industry. Charts illustrate fuel consumption and savings, a suggested maintenance schedule, ancillary electric cost projections, a summary of economics, and life cycle cost analyses. 22p.
Designing Quality Learning Spaces: Heating and Insulation.
(New Zealand Ministry of Education, Wellington , 2007)
Advises on heating and insulation of schools, detailing perception of thermal comfort; building orientation, shading, and glazing issues; heating systems; and insulation. Additional considerations for specialized teaching areas, students with special needs, and planning new buildings and additions are also discussed. A flow diagram for assessing thermal comfort, heating and insulation survey, and 13 references are included. 56p.
Designing Quality Learning Spaces: Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality.
(New Zealand Ministry of Education, Wellington , 2007)
Advises on school building ventilation, discussing types of ventilation, natural and artificial ventilation methods, heat recovery, passive ventilation, indoor air quality, specialized teaching spaces, and extra considerations for special needs students. A flow diagram and survey for ventilation and indoor air quality assessment, are included, as are 24 references. 60p.
Gorham Middle School: Evaluation of Geothermal and HVAC System.
Doughty, Richard (Maine Dept. of Education, Augusta , Nov 21, 2006)
Evaluates a geothermal HVAC system at a Maine middle school. Details on the system s performance compared to other schools is provided, as are initial cost comparisons and a life cycle analysis. The report concludes that the system significantly outperforms typical existing schools, and marginally outperforms other high performance schools. 14p.
Ventilation of School Buildings (Building Bulletin 101).
(Dept. for Education and Skills, London, United Kingdom , Jul 2006)
Provides the regulatory framework in support of the United Kingdom's building regulations for the adequate provision of ventilation in schools. These guidelines consider the design of school buildings to meet the ventilation requirements of both The School Premises Regulations and the Building Regulations Part F (Ventilation). Sections of the document address ventilation of special areas, indoor air quality and ventilation, ventilation strategies, acoustics, fire precautions, natural ventilation, and system design options. 62p.
School Conditions Will Continue to Earn Failing Grades.
Sonne, Jeffrey K.; Vieira, Robin K.; Cummings, James B. (Florida Solar Energy Center; Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, July 24-26, 2006 Orlando, FL. , Jul 2006)
This study addresses indoor air quality and general conditions problems in schools throughout the United States. Tools employed to investigate conditions include a nationwide, web-based survey, characterization of actual operating conditions in schools through field audits and diagnostic tests, and retrofits in problem schools. Survey results found temperature to be by far the greatest comfort complaint in regular classrooms, with indoor air quality (IAQ) and then humidity being the next greatest areas of complaints. Ventilation problems were found at each of eight audited schools. These problems appear to be occurring due to a combination of factors including lack of maintenance, lack of knowledge of the systems and in some cases poor system design. Four small retrofit projects were also completed. The results from this project indicate that without substantial funding for and prioritization of school maintenance, widespread significant school improvements will not be realized. [Authors' abstract]
17p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools, Displacement Ventilation Design Guide: K-12 Schools.
(Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Provides guidance concerning the use and implementation of displacement ventilation (DV) for K-12 schools. It serves architects, engineers, and educators seeking to understand why DV is beneficial, addresses the implications of installing DV in schools, and details a design procedure for DV systems in school applications. It contains recommendations from a range of sources, including PIER research, ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards, and practical experience gained in the design, installation, and performance monitoring of DV systems in two California schools. Topics covered include general design requirements for classrooms, air supply characteristics, diffuser specifications, architectural design issues, load calculations, system sizing, HVAC design options, and estimating energy savings. Case studies from six installations are included, as are 42 references, a glossary, and numerous figures and tables. 123p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools: Draft / Final Research Report.
Arent, John (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Covers HVAC design considerations for displacement ventilation systems, drawn from completed research of the project, a computational flow dynamics analysis, and the results of the first demonstration classroom. The report addresses diffuser selection and layout, load calculations and system sizing and energy modeling options. The report also describes HVAC system requirements for displacement ventilation and control options. For the design phase, this report covers design requirements for TDV, load calculation procedures, energy modeling, and equipment selection. For the construction phase, the report documents show typical diffuser locations, ductwork layout, control details, and installation requirements. 23p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools: Final Classroom Documentation Report.
Arent, John (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Documents the performance monitoring results of a displacement ventilation demonstration project at Kinoshita Elementary in San Juan Capistrano, California. The report also documents the processes of design, financing and construction of the demonstration classrooms. The unit is designed to supply a steady 65-degree supply temperature, with variable air volume to maintain comfort in the space. This report assesses the performance of the unit in meeting specifications, and a comparison of comfort, indoor air quality, and energy use with a control classroom that is served by a conventional 4-ton packaged rooftop unit. 36p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools:Combined Document for Product Engineering Efforts Report, Research Summary Report, and Production Readiness Plan.
Arent, John (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Documents the development of a unit that can tightly control supply air temperature in a classroom thermal displacement ventilation (TDV) cooling system, in response to varying load and outdoor conditions. Also described are the steps that the manufacturer has taken towards making it a production unit. The report provides an evaluation of the unit with all available data, and identifies the steps required to make this a production unit. 20p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools, Project 2 Final Report: Thermal Displacement Ventilation.
Arent, John; Eley, Charles (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Serves as the final project report for Project 2, Thermal Displacement Ventilation (DV) in Schools, under California's PIER IEQ-K12 Program. Key outcomes included the following: 1)Two demonstration DV systems were installed, commissioned, and monitored in two classrooms; one in southern and one in northern California. 2)Results of the DV demonstration classrooms showed that significant energy savings are possible. 3)Other results of the DV demonstration classrooms showed improved IAQ and acoustics with acceptable humidity levels. 4)Teacher feedback was positive for the DV demonstration classrooms. 5)The demonstration classrooms confirmed that DV provides good thermal comfort for classrooms with normal ceiling heights (9 feet). 6)A supply of 1,100 cfm of 65-degree air is sufficient for most classrooms in California climates. 7)The use of a tuned VAV control strategy will optimize energy savings. 8)DV can be achieved today using a variety of HVAC system designs. 9)DV provides many compelling benefits including energy savings. 43p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: Applications Guide for Off-the-Shelf Equipment for Displacement Ventilation Use.
Blatt, Morton (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , May 2006)
Provides background information on the potential energy use, indoor air quality and acoustic benefits of displaced ventilation as well as field experience with DV in schools and commercial buildings. The applications that could benefit from use of displacement ventilation are described including facility requirements, acoustic requirements, climate-related factors, and indoor air quality. Displacement ventilation system requirements for K-12 schools are defined, including diffuser requirements, HVAC requirements, and optional HVAC system features. Mechanical system options are described including central (chiller-based) plants, packaged direct expansion (DX) variable air volume systems and packaged single zone direct expansion units. Alternative control strategies are discussed and diffuser options are presented. Includes nine references. 15p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools:Project 3 Final Report: UVC Technology.
Okura, Stacia (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , May 2006)
Summarizes a study quantifying the impact of ultraviolet irradiation in the "C" band (UVC) on evaporator coil disinfection of California K-12 Schools, with the goal to determine if UVC is effective in reducing mold and mildew in HVAC systems, thereby improving airflow, indoor environmental quality, energy savings, and attendance. The study concluded that the UVC technology is effective in reducing microbial growth on air conditioning cooling coils. Since microbial activity is correlated with the amount of moisture present, the more humid the climate, the more applicable this technology. Additionally, this technology is more applicable in regions with high annual cooling hours, or inland climate zones, where the potential for mold growth is greater. The study team could not conclusively determine if there were any improvements in air flow or efficiency of the air conditioning units with UVC disinfection systems. 66p.
School Health Crisis? Check the Cooling Tower.
Basso, Ron (Greenbuild.com, Orange, CA , Feb 14, 2006)
Describes how cooling towers work, citing issues associated with chemicals used to control bacterial in them, the amount of water they consume, and their proximity to school students. The use of ozone to control bacteria and reduce water and chemical discharge is described. 2p.
Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) Best Practice Manual: Volume IV, Maintenance and Operations.
(Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS), CA, 2006)
This volume presents high performance guidelines for the maintenance and operation of schools. Information in this volume will help ensure that high performance school buildings continue to operate as their designers intended, providing optimal health, efficiency, and sustainability. Introductory chapters are geared toward district and managerial staff. The remaining chapters address the needs of maintenance, custodial, and groundskeeping staff and cover such topics as cleaning and calibrating building systems, selecting green cleaning products, and reducing waste. Specific guidelines are included for the building envelope, lighting, HVAC, landscaping, plumbing, and snow management and de-icing. 82p.
School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. (SAVES)
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. , 2006)
SAVES is a free software package that architects, engineers, school officials, and others can use to determine what type of ventilation equipment provides the best advantages for their unique applications. SAVES incorporates two software tools for the school design community: 1) the ERV Financial Assessment Software Tool (also referred to as ‘EFAST’) assesses the financial characteristics of energy recovery ventilation systems for school applications; and 2) the Indoor Humidity Assessment Tool (also referred to as ‘IHAT’) helps school designers assess the moisture control characteristics of ERV systems, along with other building design decisions that can impact indoor moisture levels and indoor air quality.
Humidity Control in Minnesota Schools.
(Minnesota Dept. of Commerce, St. Paul , Oct 2005)
Offers guidance to help school building managers and operators understand the process of moisture management. It explains why controlling humidity is important and what settings to choose. It also advises on how to operate and maintain various types of humidity control systems, minimize both occupant complaints and energy bills, improve operations and maintenance of existing equipment, and make selections for equipment replacement. 30p.
The Effects of Classroom Air Temperature and Outdoor Air Supply Rate on Performance of School Work by Children.
Wargocki, Pawel; Wyon, David; Matysiak, B.; Irgens, S. (Proceedings of Indoor Air 2005, The 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Beijing, China , Aug 2005)
A field intervention experiment was conducted in two classes of 10-year-old children. Average air temperatures were reduced from 23.6oC to 20oC and outdoor air supply rates were increased from 5.2 to 9.6 L/s per person in a 2x2 crossover design, each condition lasting a week. Tasks representing 8 different aspects of school work, from reading to mathematics, were performed during appropriate lessons and the children marked visual-analogue scales each week to indicate SBS symptom intensity. Increased ventilation rate increased work rate in addition, multiplication and number checking (P<0.05), and subtraction (P<0.06). Reduced temperature increased work rate in subtraction and reading (P<0.001), and reduced errors when checking a transcript against a recorded voice reading aloud (P<0.07). Reduced temperature at increased ventilation rate increased work rate in a test of logical thinking (P<0.03). This experiment indicates that improving classroom conditions can substantially improve the performance of schoolwork by children. [Authors' abstract] 368-372p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D-2.5c Final Outline Specification and Schematic Design Report.
(Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jul 29, 2005)
Summarizes a general HVAC load calculation for a hypothetical single-level classroom building in coastal Southern California, and an identical building in Sacramento, including accommodations for thermal displacement ventilation (TDV). Subsequent sections of the report provide a schematic description of three design options for applying TDV in the hypothetical classroom building. For each of the three options, a summary of the system design, major components, HVAC sequences of operation, and estimated capital costs are indicated. For each design option, an effort has been made to address the relative advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each TDV design option, and to highlight differences from conventional HVAC design approaches. A general schematic of the system layout, room layout and room section are included for each system design. 18p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D-2.8b Final Equipment List and Performance Specification.
(Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jul 29, 2005)
Documents the requirements for new products designed specifically for thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), with the objective of identifying new products for TDV that are not currently available. The identification of new products springs from the TDV design charrette, system design options study, and market barriers study performed in this California research project. 12p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D3.2c Microbial Sampling and Engineering Plans, D3.4b Site Survey, and D3.7b Teacher and Director of Facilities Survey.
(Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 21, 2005)
Presents the research plan to quantify the impact of ultraviolet C-band (UVC) light on coil disinfection and indoor air quality of California K-12 Schools. The plan includes research on biological sampling, school selection, qualification of HVAC units, pre-installation microbiological testing, pre-installation air conditioning performance testing, installation of UVC lamps, post-installation testing, analysis, and reporting. 43p.
HVAC Systems Acoustical, Cost & Energy Study Prepared for the Los Angeles Unified School District Maroko & Shwe, Inc Professional Engineers (Los Angeles Unified School District, Jun 06, 2005)
Study was initiated to explore the costs and benefits of five basic classroom air conditioning systems for new schools, specifically relative to the background sound levels generated by each system, their relative capital costs, and energy usage. The general conclusion of the five system study was that improvement in the background sound levels in the classroom can be achieved with more centralized HVAC systems in lieu of unitary systems, but at considerable increase in capital and operating costs. 96p
Green Schools "Create" Learning Tools.
Hill, Franklin (Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA , 2005)
Illustrates design for passive seasonal heating, cooling, and daylighting that students can monitor as part of the learning program. 3p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools: Final Memo on the Alternative Technology and Literature Review.
Okura, Stacia (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jan 2005)
Presents the research plan to quantify the impact of UVC Light on coil disinfection and indoor air quality of California K-12 Schools, including a technology assessment, literature review, and study design, and ten references. 25p.
Classroom HVAC: Improving Ventilation and Saving Energy.
Apte, Michael; Faulkner, David; Hodgson, Alfred; Sullivan; Douglas (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Scientific & Techincal Information, Washington , Oct 14, 2004)
The primary goals of this research effort are to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate a very practical HVAC system for classrooms that consistently provides quantity of ventilation in current minimum standards, while saving energy, and reducing HVAC related noise levels. This research is motivated by the public benefits of energy efficiency, evidence that many clasrooms are under-ventilated, and public concerns about indoor environmental quality in classrooms. This document provides a summary of the detailed plans developed for the field study that will take place in 2005 to evaluate the energy and IAQ performance of a new classroom HVAC technology. The field study will include measurements of HVAC energy use, ventilation rates, and IEQ conditions in 10 classrooms with the new HVAC technology and in six control classrooms with a standard HVAC system. Energy use and many IEQ parameters will be monitored continuously and remotely, while other IEQ measurements will be performed seasonally. The study plan include the collection of real time data for a full school year, the use of high quality instrumentation, the incorporation of many quality control measures, and the extensive collaborations with industry that limit costs to the sponsors. 16p.
Report NO: LBNL-56527
Case Study: Roof Top Units V. Central HVAC--Looking Beyond the Short-Term Fix.
(Oregon Dept. of Energy, Salem , Aug 2004)
Explains how roof top HVAC units, which are initially cheaper than central systems, end up costing more due to cumbersome preventive maintenance and shorter life spans. 4p.
School Operations and Maintenance: Best Practices for Controlling Energy Costs.
(Prepared by U.S. Dept. of Energy, Rebuild America EnergySmart Schools Program, Washington, DC; Princeton Energy Resources International, Rockville, MD; HPowell Energy Associates, Westford, MA; Alliance to Save Energy, Washington, DC. , Aug 2004)
Provides detailed practical guidance on how K-12 school districts can plan and implement enhancements to their current operations and maintenance programs that can successfully maintain their facilities while also reducing energy costs up to 20 percent. Most of the strategies detailed entail limited capital costs and produce rapid paybacks. In addition to technical information, the guide provides organizational information on barriers, challenges, the steps necessary to develop this type of program. Reviews successful strategies from a wide variety of American school districts and includes case studies. 114p.
Using DOE 2.1E to Evaluate Green Building Construction Opportunities and Ventilation Design for Lotus School.
Chimak, Michael; Walker, Christine (International Building Performance Simulation Association, College Station, Texas , Aug 2004)
Using an elementary school as an example, this paper demonstrates how building simulation can be used as late in the process as the early construction phase of a building project, though usually with increasing cost of building modifications. Using building utility budget as an indicator, the options presented through use of building simulation tools can justify the change to the design or construction, by showing a reduction in the expected operational costs over the lifetime of the building. 163-168p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D-2.2d Final CFD Analysis and Documentation Report.
(Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 16, 2004)
Presents conclusions from computational flow dynamics analysis of various classrooms in this California research into displacement ventilation in schools: 1) Sufficient cooling and thermal comfort can be provided through two displacement diffusers, providing 65- degree supply air. 2)A 9-foot ceiling is sufficient for thermal displacement ventilation. Benefits of stratification are seen with high (12-foot) ceilings; as a result, less air is required to maintain the same room setpoint, for the same design cooling loads. 3)Marginal comfort is maintained at locations close to the diffusers. The temperatures at floor level are cool (67-68 degrees). Seated students should be situated at a distance of at least 4 feet from the corner diffusers, to stay comfortable. 4) Lighting loads contribute less heat to the occupied zone than occupant or equipment loads. 5) Displacement ventilation shows improvements in ventilation effectiveness, as evidenced by lower CO2 levels and a lower mean age of air in the occupied zone. 66p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools:D2.1b-TDV Research Coordination Final Report.
Arent, John; Eley, Charles (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Feb 03, 2004)
Presents a report on the coordination of research for this study of thermal displacement ventilation (TDV) in California schools. The existing literature was reviewed to determine important design factors on TDV performance. The ceiling height, the location of the heat sources, and the convection heat flow at the wall impact the temperature stratification. Design guidelines were formed from results of computational flow dynamics (CFD) analysis and experimental data. These guidelines consist of predictions of floor temperature, the temperature difference between head and foot level, and ventilation effectiveness. The CFD and experimental results can support the existing design guidelines, or serve as the basis for new guidelines. Includes 30 references. 12p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools, Technology Transfer Plan (Revised).
Blatt, Morton (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Feb 2004)
This technology transfer plan provides a time-phased tabulation and description of documents to be published and distributed to disseminate the results and to increase the market penetration of the thermal displacement ventilation (TDV) and ultraviolet-c (UDV) technologies being studied in this The plan addresses market barriers that often impede the adoption of new technologies and analyzes the roles of influential market participants in the funding, specification, installation and operation of these technologies. Potential advantages and disadvantages TDV and UVC technologies are tabulated. Information dissemination channels are outlined for each set of market participants, including publications, periodicals, web sits and upcoming meetings. Technology transfer materials are described that can overcome market barriers for the influential market participants. Anticipated technology transfer deliverables are tabulated with the expected delivery date and channel to be used. 43p.
Report NO: CEC-500-03-003
Case Study: Retro-Commissioning--Silver Falls School District Gets What It Paid for.
(Oregon Dept. of Energy, Salem , Jan 2004)
Describes a commissioning project for an underperforming new HVAC system. The process identified 72 discrepancies in the installation and operation of the system, made necessary repairs and replacements, and trained staff on the new system. 5p.
Going...Going...Green.
(McQuay International, Minneapolis, MN , 2004)
Describes the phaseout schedules for chlorine-containing refrigerants that harm the ozone layer, along with ways one might continue to service, after phaseout, an HVAC system that uses these refrigerants. Planning future HVAC purchases around refrigerant availability is recommended. 5p.
Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA , 2004)
Specifies the combinations of indoor thermal environmental factors and personal factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to a majority of occupants within a space. The standard addresses temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, air speed, activity, and clothing. 30p.
TO ORDER:
http://webstore.ansi.org/
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D2.2B Classroom Prototypes Developed Draft Report.
(Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Dec 05, 2003)
Discusses the full-scale mockup classrooms developed to determine the supply airflow and supply air temperature conditions necessary to meet classroom cooling loads and maintain thermal comfort in this California research. Specifications for prototypical classrooms were developed to be representative of cooling loads and operating conditions found in modern classrooms. These specifications were translated into building models, and energy simulations were run to determine boundary conditions for a range of cooling loads and conditions. 17p.
ASHRAE GreenGuide.
Grumman, David L., ed. (ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA , Dec 2003)
Provides reference and guidance to HVAC system designers involved in green or sustainable building design. The Green Guide is a step-by-step manual for the entire building lifecycle, from the earliest stages of a green building design project to the resulting structure’s construction, operation, maintenance, and eventual demolition. It is divided into three sections entitled "Basics," "The Design Process," "Post-Design -- Construction to Demolition," and includes green design techniques applicable to related technical disciplines, such as plumbing and lighting. It addresses how mechanical and electrical systems may interact with and be influenced by architectural design,architectural design impacts, conceptual engineering design, space thermal/comfort delivery systems, energy distribution systems, energy conservation systems, energy/water sources, lighting systems, plumbing and fire protection systems and controls. Includes case studies, checklists, and specific measures for improving sustainability called "Green Tips." 190p.
TO ORDER:
ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. Tel:800-527-4723.http://www.ashrae.org
LEED Energy Performance Modeling and Evaluation of the S.T. Dana Building Renovations.
Gundala, Sharada (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor , Dec 2003)
Evaluates energy use and the energy efficiency performance of the renovations to the The University of Michigan's 100-year-old S. T. Dana Building for the purposes of obtaining LEED certification. The study demonstrated that energy savings in the renovated Dana Building are primarily from use of radiant cooling panels. There was a 12% savings in total regulated energy consumption (heating, cooling, fans and pumps, service hot water and interior lighting) and a 20% cost savings renovations led to an annual savings of 279,000 kWh of electricity and 586 Mbtu of chilled water. This in turn saved $22,861 and $11,474 for electricity and chilled water, respectively, at the current utility rates. The steam usage increased slightly and cost an extra $1,739. A comparison between the total energy demand in Fiscal Year 2002-03 and the simulated Base and Proposed Models of the Dana Building is also made. 99p.
Healthy Schools Council Checklist Concerning Environmental Health and Safety in Schools.
(Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health, Healthy Schools Council, Boston , Sep 2003)
Offers a checklist to identify and monitor important environmental health and safety issues that may be present in a given school building. The issues are organized under categories for renovations in buildings, HVAC, building envelope issues, chemical management, drinking water, asbestos management plans, integrated pest management, underground storage tanks, septic systems/sanitary sewers, and miscellaneous maintenance/custodial issues. 14p.
Assessment of Organic Compound Exposures, Thermal Comfort Parameters, and HVAC System-driven Air Exchange Rates in Public School Portable Classrooms in California
Shendell, Derek Garth (Thesis (Ph.D.)Submitted to University of California, Los Angeles, CA , Aug 2003)
The prevalence of prefabricated, portable classrooms (portables, relocatables, RCs) has increased due to class size reduction initiatives and limited resources. Classroom mechanical wall-mount heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems may function improperly or not be maintained; lower ventilation rates may impact indoor air and environmental quality (IEQ). Materials in portables may off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, as a function of age, temperature, and humidity. For a pilot study, public K-12 schools located in or serving target areas within five Los Angeles County communities were identified. In two communities where school districts (SD) consented, 1-3 randomly selected portables, one newer and one older, and one main building control classroom from each participating school were included. Sampling was conducted over a five-day school week in the cooling and heating seasons, or repeated twice in the cooling season. Measurements included passive samplers for VOCs, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and air exchange rate (AER) calculation; indoor air temperature and humidity; technician walk-through surveys; an interview questionnaire above HVAC system operation and maintenance (O and M). Measured classroom AER were low, formaldehyde concentrations were below the state indoor air guideline 'target level', and concentrations of most target VOCs were low. O and M questionnaire results suggested insufficient training and communication between custodians and SD offices concerning HVAC systems. Future studies should attempt larger sample sizes and cover larger geographical areas but continue to assess multiple IEQ parameters during occupied hours. Teachers, custodians, and SD staff must be educated on the importance of adequate ventilation with filtered outdoor air. [Author's abstract] 448p.
Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in collaboration with a working group at the Department of Homeland Security , Apr 2003)
This document discusses air-filtration and air-cleaning issues associated with protecting building environments from an airborne chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR) attack. It provides information about issues that should be considered when assessing, installing, and upgrading filtration systems. It is intended to provide guidance regarding measures that may be taken to prepare for a potential CBR attack, rather than in response to an actual CBR event. The intended audience includes those who are responsible for making the technical decisions to improve filtration in public, private, and governmental buildings, such as schools. 78p.
TO ORDER:
NIOSH Publications Dissemination, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226-1998. Tel: 800-356-4674http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pubs.html
HVAC for Schools: How to Purchase an HVAC System that Meets Your School's Unique Requirements and Stays Within Your Budget.
(McQuay International, Minneapolis, MN , 2003)
This commercially produced publication provides guidelines for purchasing school HVAC systems. The publication gives tips on reducing initial and operating costs of HVAC systems, explains the heating cooling and ventilation needs of the spaces within a school (classroom, administrative, cafeterias, and gymnasiums), describes "zoned comfort systems" and "central systems," and includes a glossary of terms for HVAC components. 7p.
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McQuay International, 13600 Industrial Park Blvd, Minneapolis, MN 55441; Phone: 800-432-1342; Email: mcquayintl@mcquay.com
Eliminating Humidity and Condensation Problems in University Dormitories: Case Study.
Chen, Hui;Hugghins, Joel; Bruner, Homer; Zhu, Yiwen; Turner, W. D.; Deng, Song Deng; Claridge, David. (California Commissioning Collaborative, Sacramento , Jan 2003)
Presents the investigation and follow-up efforts that identified reasons and corrective measures for high humidity levels in the living areas of two Texas A&M dormitories. The paper describes how the dormitories were affected by excessive humidity by verifying design and existing HVAC systems, diagnosing humidity problems, and then recommending continuous commissioning measures implemented to deal with these problems. High humidity was attributed to largely to excess infiltration of unconditioned outside air, and to lack of effective airflow pathways within the buildings. 10p.
Improved Air Quality and Energy Efficiency with Displacement Ventilation.
Dunham, Chuck (3D/I, Houston, TX , 2003)
Explains the function and deficiencies of current traditional school HVAC systems that mix air, comparing these to displacement ventilation and underfloor air distribution (UFAD), which avoids many of these deficiencies. Advantages of displacement ventilation and UFAD are increased comfort, improved air quality, reduced energy consumption, quieter operation, decreased life cycle cost, increase flexibility for adaptive reuse, and enhanced student and teacher performance. 4p.
National Best Practices Manual for Building High Performance Schools.
(U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , 2002)
This guide was developed specifically for architects and engineers who are responsible for designing or retrofitting schools, and for the project managers who work with the design teams. The design strategies presented here are organized into 10 chapters covering important design disciplines and goals: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transportation; and (10) resource-efficient building products. An additional chapter addresses commissioning and maintenance practices. Each chapter contains a list of related resources. 457p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1610
Commissioning, Preventive Maintenance, and Troubleshooting Guide for Commercial Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems.
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2002)
This book covers the project implementation stage and reviews the necessary technical information for geothermal or geoexchange heat pump systems. Commissioning, maintenance requirements, and troubleshooting for these energy-efficient systems are covered in detail. This guide is a reference for those involved in the design, installation, and operation and maintenance of commercial building ground-source heat pump systems. 112p.
TO ORDER:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. http://www.ashrae.org
Energy and Indoor Environmental Quality in Relocatable Classrooms.
Apte, M.G.; Hodgson, A.T.; Shendell, D.G.; Dibartolomeo, D.; Hochi, T.; Kumar, S.; Lee, S.M.; Liff, S.M.; Rainer, L.I.; Schmidt, R.C.; Sullivan, D.P.; Diamond, R.C.; Fisk, W.J. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Reports the preliminary results of a study of four energy-efficient relocatable classrooms, designed and constructed to demonstrate technologies that simultaneously attempt to improve energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality. Two were installed at each of two school districts, and energy use and IEQ parameters were monitored during occupancy. Two (one per school) were finished with materials selected for reduced emissions of toxic and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Each relocatable had two HVAC systems, alternated weekly, consisting of a standard heat-pump system and an indirect-direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) system with gas-fired hydronic heating. (Includes eleven references.) 6p.
The Relationship Between Humidity and Indoor Air Quality in Schools.
Bayer, C.W.; Hendry, R.J.; Crow, S.A.; Fischer, J.C. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Reports on indoor air quality differences among five schools with and five schools without active humidity control systems. The active humidity systems provided approximately 15 cfm/person of ventilation air, while the schools without the active humidity control systems averaged less than five cfm/person. The humidity levels varied widely in spaces without active humidity control, and rose to unacceptable levels during summer shut-down periods. Field data and modeling showed that if the schools without active humidity control systems were operated at ventilation rates above five cfm/person, >70% relative humidity levels might occur for extended time periods. (Includes nine references.) 6p.
Humidity Control in School Facilities.
Fisher, John; Bayer, Charlene (DOAS-Radiant, University Park, PA , 2002)
Presents a synopsis of research on humidity control in various school HVAC systems, its relationship to comfort, ventilation, and the learning process. Packaged HVAC equipment was typically unable to produce proper ventilation in humid environments. Includes 21 references. 7p.
Education, Indoor Environmental and HVAC Solutions in School Buildings - Consequences of Differences in Paradigm Shifts.
Hansen, H.L.; Hanssen, S.O. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Investigates educational methods, school architecture, and the choice of HVAC solutions in school buildings from different eras, to discern whether there is a connection with respect to paradigm shifts. By taking into account the limitations of different HVAC solutions, and the various maintenance requirements, one should be able to achieve a better educational environment. Many of today's school buildings were not planned to accommodate any dynamic changes of internal life or activities, and therefore performing the remedial actions can be a great challenge. (Includes two references.) 6p.
School HVAC Design Manual.
(McQuay International, Staunton, VA , 2001)
Provides a variety of HVAC solutions for classrooms. Indoor air quality, energy efficiency, unit ventilators, water source heat pumps, fan coil units, a variety central units, duct design, and controls are discussed and illustrated with drawings and charts. 54p.
Active Humidity Control and Continuous Ventilation for Improved Air Quality in Schools.
Bayer, Charlene W.; Hendry, Robert J.; Fischer, John C.; Crow, Sidney (Paper presented at IAQ 2001: Moisture, Microbes, and Health Effects: Indoor Air Quality and Moisture in Buildings. , 2001)
A research project was undertaken, investigating the impact on school indoor air quality of active humidity control and continuous ventilation, with the objectives of (1) measuring the importance of humidity control and continuous ventilation on school indoor air quality, (2) developing baseline indoor air quality data for schools in hot and humid climates, (3) providing data and recommendations for HVAC designs for improving indoor air quality in schools, and (4) documenting the role of desiccant technologies to actively control humidity in schools. A literature review of school indoor air quality was the first task followed by a field investigation of the indoor air quality in ten noncomplaint Georgia schools in matched pairs of schools with conventional systems and schools with desiccant-cooling systems. Continuous monitors for carbon dioxide, temperature, and humidity were placed in one location in each school for approximately one year. In the same room with the continuous monitor, time-weighted volatile organic compound (VOC) samples were taken for approximately 30- day periods throughout the investigational period. Additionally on-site samples were collected at least four times during the year for VOCs, particles, bioaerosols, aldehydes and ketones, CO2 , carbon monoxide, temperature, humidity, and air change rate to more thoroughly assess the indoor air quality in the schools. Using discriminant analysis, statistically significance differences between the indoor air quality in the two groups of schools, those with the conventional HVAC systems versus those with the desiccant cooling systems, was found when looking at each sampling period. This paper presents an overview of the ventilation and temperature findings. [Authors' abstract]
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Issue on Gas Cooling in Educational Facilities.
(American Gas Cooling Center, Washington, DC , Sep-Oct 2000)
Several articles are presented covering the development and use of gas/electric cooling solutions for public schools and colleges. Articles address financing issues; indoor air quality (IAQ)problems and solutions; and the analysis of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Three examples of how schools solved their cooling problems are included, as are technology advances in gas cooling, and legislative issues. Concluding articles provide resources for school IAQ, discuss gas cooling as a solution to power crises, and presents a progress report on the University of Maryland's research of an advanced air conditioning system designed to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 45 percent and achieve 30 percent higher energy efficiency. 22p.
Eliminating Acoustical Barriers to Learning in Classrooms---Case Study of Window Ventilator Noise
Brooks, Bennett M. (Paper presented at the 139th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Atlanta, GA, Jun 2000)
Room ventilation systems have long been a major cause of noise in classrooms. The recent
drive for energy efficiency has motivated schools to partner with utility companies to replace
aging central HVAC systems with individual room heat pump window ventilator units for
space heating and cooling. An unfortunate consequence is that these window ventilators are
significant noise sources. A typical window unit can produce 70 dB(A), or more, at 1 m.
Clearly, this is unacceptable. Either ventilator manufacturers must commit to reduce unit
noise output by at least 30 dB, or school designers must abandon the wall ventilator option
in favor of quiet central HVAC installations.
TO ORDER:
Bennett M. Brooks, Brooks Acoust. Corp., 27 Hartford Turnpike, Vernon, CT 06066, bbrooks@brooks-acoustics.com
Indoor Air Quality in Schools.
Torres, Vincent M. (University of Texas, Texas Institute for the Indoor Environment, Austin , Jun 2000)
Asserting that the air quality inside schools is often worse than outdoor pollution, leading to various health complaints and loss of productivity, this paper details factors contributing to schools' indoor air quality. These include the design, operation, and maintenance of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems; building equipment maintenance and repair; housekeeping practices and equipment; and wind velocity. It includes recommendations on parameters within these areas which can provide optimal air quality. 14p.
Engineering Checklist for Public School Facilities.
(Public Schools of North Carolina, Division of School Support, Raleigh, NC , May 2000)
This reference document for public school facility designers includes code items, principles that experience has shown to be desirable and practical, and best practices from a variety of professional sources. Organized into the four major engineering categories of electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and structural, these guidelines represent the thinking of a cross-section of design professionals and are consistent with the North Carolina Public Schools Facilities Guidelines. 54p.
Causes of Indoor Air Quality Problems in Schools. Summary of Scientific Research. Revised Edition.
Bayer, Charlene; et al (Semco, Inc., Columbia, MD , May 2000)
Understanding the primary causes of indoor air quality (IAQ) problems and how controllable factors--proper heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system design, allocation of adequate outdoor air, proper filtration, effective humidity control, and routine maintenance--can avert problems may help all building owners, operators, and occupants to be more productive. This revised report provides a comprehensive summary of IAQ research that has been conducted in various types of facilities. It focuses primarily on school facilities because for numerous reasons they are far more susceptible to developing IAQ problems than most other types of facilities, and the occupants--children--are more significantly affected than adults are. This revised report contains summaries of more recent IAQ articles, with 50 new items added to the references. In addition, it expands the discussion of carbon dioxide in response to concerns about this section in the first version of the report. (Contains 154 references.) 72p.
Report NO: ORNL/M-6633/R1
ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2000.
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA , 2000)
Describes both the equipment and the components or assemblies that perform a particular function either individually or in combination. The information helps the system designer select and operate HVAC&R equipment. Chapters cover system selection and analysis, air distribution, panel heating and cooling, cogeneration, heat pumps and heat recovery, steam district heating and cooling, hydronic heating and cooling, and infrared radiant heating. An air-handling system has chapters on duct construction, air diffusion, fans, evaporative air cooling, humidifiers, dehumidifying coils, desiccant dehumidification, air cleaners, and industrial gas cleaning and air pollution control. Heating chapters cover automatic fueling-burning equipment, boilers, furnaces, residential in-space heating equipment, unit heaters, and solar energy equipment. A general components section covers compressors, condensers, cooling towers, liquid coolers,liquid chilling systems, centrifugal pumps, motors, motor controls and variable speed drives, pipes, valves, heat exchangers and air to air energy recovery. 780p.
TO ORDER:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. http://www.ashrae.org
Tools for Schools: Filtration for Improved Air Quality. Technical Services Bulletin.
(Farr Company, Riverdale, NJ , 2000)
This product bulletin addresses air pollution control in educational facilities to enhance educational performance, provides air quality recommendations for schools, examines the filtration needs of various school areas, and presents several applicable filtering systems. The types of air particles typically present are highlighted, and the use of proper filtration to control gases and vapors is discussed. Air filtration requirements and standards are examined for classrooms, corridors, auditoriums, libraries, gymnasiums, pool areas, industrial technology (shops), and laboratories and darkrooms are examined. Several filtering systems that are applicable to educational facilities are presented. (Contains 20 references.) 8p.
Fundamentals of Air Conditioning Systems. 2nd Edition.
Langley, Billy C.; Dekker, Marcel (Fairmont Press, Lilburn, GA, 2000)
This guide to the specification and application of a wide variety of commercial and residential air conditioning equipment covers topics such as heat load calculation factors; equipment sizing, selection, and location; refrigerant lines, duct systems and designs; indoor air quality; and system cost estimating. 399p.
Energy Efficient Florida Educational Facilities: Phase VI. Progress Report: Phase I and II.
Callahan, Michael P.; Parker, Danny S. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL , Feb 1999)
This study examines differences in energy uses in two adjacent portable classrooms to determine if these types of facilities can be made more energy efficient through retrofitting. Retrofitting included an efficient lighting system, new air conditioners, and reflective white metal roofs. Data show the white metal roofing reduced roof, decking, and attic temperatures significantly. The newer air conditioning system (Bard 2.5 ton HVAC unit) had a much higher ventilation rate than the old air conditioning unit and achieved energy savings of approximately 45 percent. The T8 lamp-electronic ballast system that replaced the old T12 system resulted in energy savings of 20 percent with an average increase in brightness of 4 percent. (Contains 7 references.) 5p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-1063-99
Comparing Maintenance Costs of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Other HVAC Systems in Lincoln Public Schools: Repair, Service, and Corrective Actions.
Martin, Michaela A. ; Durfee, David; Hughes, Patrick J. (Paper presented at the 1999 ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 1999)
The Lincoln Public School District, in Lincoln, Nebraska, recently installed vertical-bore geothermal heat pump systems in four new elementary schools. Because the district has consistent maintenance records and procedures, it was possible to study repair, service, and corrective maintenance requests for 20 schools in the district. Each school studied provides cooling to over 70% of its total floor area and uses one of the following heating and cooling systems: vertical-bore geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), air-cooled chiller with gas-fired hot water boiler (ACC/GHWB), water-cooled chiller with gas-fired hot water boiler (WCC/GHWB), or water-cooled chiller with gas-fired steam boiler (WCC/ GSB). Preventative maintenance and capital renewal activities were not included in the available database. GHP schools reported average total costs at 2.13 cents/ ft 2 - yr, followed by ACC/GHWB schools at 2.884 cents/ ft 2 - yr, WCC/GSB schools at 3.73 cents/ ft 2 - yr, and WCC/GHWB schools at 6.07 cents/ ft 2 - yr. Because of tax exemptions on material purchases, a reliance on in-house labor, and the absence of preventative maintenance records in the database, these costs are lower than those reported in previous studies. A strong relationship (R 2 50.52) was found between costs examined and cooling system age: the newer the cooling equipment, the less it costs to maintain. [Authors' abstract]
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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
http://www.ashrae.org
Benchmark for Performance: Geothermal Applications in Lincoln Public Schools.
Shonder; John A.;. Martin, Michaela A; Sharp, Terry R. ; Durfee; David; Hughes, Patrick J. (Paper presented at the 1999 ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 1999)
Vertical-bore, geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) have been providing heating and cooling to four new elementary schools located in Lincoln, Nebraska since 1995. According to representatives of the local utility and school district, the systems are providing a comfortable, complaint-free environment with utility costs that are nearly half of that of other schools in the district. Performance data collected from on-site energy management systems and district billing and utility records for all fifty schools in the Lincoln district indicate that only five consume less energy than the best performing GHP school; however, these five cool less than 10% of their total floor area, while the GHP schools cool 100% of their floor area. When compared to other new schools (with similar ventilation loads), the GHP schools used approximately 26% less source energy per square foot of floor area. Variations in annual energy performance are evident amongst the four GHP schools, however, together they still consume less source energy than 70% of all schools in the district. These variations are most likely due to operational differences rather than installed equipment, building orientation, or environmental (bore field) conditions. [Authors' abstract]
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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inchttp://www.ashrae.org
Healthy Building Design for the Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Marketplace.
Turner, William A. (H.L. Turner Group, Inc., Concord, NH , 1999)
Examines building design and construction that helps deliver both superior air quality, occupant thermal comfort, and minimize energy consumption. Explores an integrated building systems approach that combines the principles of "directed air flow control" and "demand controlled ventilation" where ventilation is effectively delivered to the occupant, based on loading, that can be applied to all types of indoor air quality situations in all types of buildings. Highlighted are savings and return of investment data for the traditional "green building" general design strategy. Case studies provide examples of this high performance IAQ design. Key differences and advantages of a displacement ventilation design classroom versus conventional mixing ventilation systems are examined along with the expected benefits of a heating, ventilation, air conditioning school displacement design. 15p.
CH-99-5-1 -- A Fault Detection Tool for School Buildings.
Visier, Jean C. ; Vaezi-Nejad, Hossein; Corrales, Patrick (Paper presented at the 1999 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Chicago, IL. , 1999)
Energy management and control systems (EMCSs) are widely used for automating HVAC system operation, for its remote control, and for detecting operating faults; however, manufacturers offer very few tools to assist the operator in diagnosing the defects that cause faulty process operation. This paper presents the results of research aimed at providing the service departments of French towns with tools that enable them to easily detect the most common faults occurring in the hydronic space heating systems used in school buildings. The problems encountered by the towns are described. The tool developed is then presented. Finally, the results of the application of the tool in two different towns are discussed. [Authors' abstract]
TO ORDER:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.http://www.ashrae.org
The Geothermal Heat Pump Alternative - The Neff Experience.
Anstrand, David E. (Presentation at Council of Educational Facilities Planners International (CEFPI) Conference, Vancouver, Canada , Oct 1998)
The John Henry Neff Schools (Lancaster, Pennsylvania) underwent a renovation of the elementary school and conversion of the high school as well as creating a 15,500 square foot connector between the buildings that required an evaluation of a new heating and air-conditioning system. This document describes the school district's experiences in researching and planning the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and the eventual adoption of a geothermal heat pump (GHP) system. Included are results from a feasibility study that compared different HVAC systems, a summarization of the cooperative agreement between the school district and power company, and a description of the HVAC chosen and the energy savings realized. Appendices include a chronology of events of the GHP system analysis, and energy use statistical data from eight schools and their mechanical systems. 21p.
TO ORDER:
Council of Educational Facilities Planners International (CEFPI), 9180 E. Desert Cove Drive, Ste.104; Scottsdale, AZ 85260; Tel: (480)391-0840http://www.cefpi.org
Geothermal Heat Pumps Score High Marks in Schools.
Office of Geothermal Technologies (U.S. Dept. of Energy,National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO , 1998)
Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are showing their value in providing lower operating
and maintenance costs, energy efficiency, and superior classroom comfort. This
document describes what GHPs are and the benefits a school can garner after
installing a GHP system. Three case studies are provided that illustrate these benefits.
Finally, the Department of Energy's involvement in fostering the development of a fast-
growing, self-sustaining, national GHP industry infrastructure is discussed.
Organizational sources for additional information are listed. 4p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-10098-650TO ORDER: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401-3393; tel:(303)275-3000 http://www.nrel.gov/
Natural Ventilation in Buildings - A Design Handbook
Allard, Francis; Santamouris, Mat (James & James Science Publishers Ltd , 1998)
This new handbook describes the real potential of natural ventilation, its appropriate use, the design and dimensioning methodologies, the need for an integrated design approach, and how to overcome barriers. Includes a CD with software to assist in the calculation of airflow rate in natural ventilation configurations. This book is based on the work of 25 experts from all parts of Europe who have collected, evaluated, and developed the material under the auspices of the European Commission's Solar energy and Energy Conservation R&D programs. This books provides essential design information for all architects, building engineers, and other building design professionals.
368p.
Retrofitting for Energy Conservation
Clark, William H. (McGraw Hill Text, 1997)
This manual provides the latest energy conservation techniques and codes for
remodeling and retrofitting commercial and residential buildings. Covering four main
areas of retrofitting-electrical, HVAC, architectural and controls-the author guides
readers through building plans from design to execution, explaining proven techniques
used by successful contractors, and including important details on energy-efficient
materials. 400p.
Mitigating the Impacts of ASHRAE Standard 63-1989 on Florida Schools.
Davangere, B.; Rengarajan, K.; Shirey, D.; Colacino, F. (Paper presented at the 1997 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. Published in ASHRAE Transactions, v103, n1, 1997)
ASHRAE Standard 63-1989 effectively raised the minimum outdoor air requirements for ventilating school classrooms by a factor of three. The resulting increase in sensible and latent cooling loads will significantly affect the design and selection of air conditioning equipment for these facilities. Also, in Florida's hot and humid climate, conventional air conditioning systems may not be able to satisfy the disproportionate increase in latent loads, resulting in increased indoor humidity levels, occupant discomfort, and the potential for mould and mildew growth. The impacts of the Standard on a typical Florida elementary school were studied by performing annual building energy simulations using computer software. A single prototypical school was modelled for three cities - Miami, Orlando, and Jacksonville. The performance of a conventional heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and several alternative technologies was investigated to assess their ability to mitigate the impacts of the Standard while maintaining acceptable indoor humidity levels. In addition, the installed first costs and life-cycle costs for all HVAC systems investigated were estimated and compared to identify cost-effective options. Presents the results of the simulation study. [Authors' abstract] 19p.
TO ORDER:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. http://www.ashrae.org
Thermal Storage. A Successful Winning Option.
(Johnson County Community College, Overland Park, KS , 1996)
Johnson County Community College (Overland Park, Kansas) developed a team to analyze options and develop alternatives to its growing power needs and reducing operational costs. This paper illustrates the process the team developed to create a cool thermal energy storage (TES) system in the following areas: decision process; design process; economic analysis; installation and construction; operation and maintenance; and system evaluation. Major operational benefits and projected long-term operating cost savings estimates are discussed along with results of the 2-year long-term operational analysis. 25p.
Indoor Air Quality Basics for Schools.
(Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Indoor Environments Division, Washington, DC , Oct 1996)
This fact sheet details important information on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in school
buildings, problems associated with IAQ, and various prevention and problem-solving strategies.
Most people spend 90 percent of their time indoors, therefore the Environmental Protection
Agency ranks IAQ in the top four environmental risks to the public. The consequences surrounding
poor IAQ affect not only the health and productivity of students and staff but also the physical
school plant. Four factors affecting IAQ are: sources of indoor pollutants; the heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning systems (HVAC); pollutant pathways; and the building occupants. Six basic
control strategies for lowering concentrations of indoor air pollutants include (1) removing,
substituting, and encapsulating the source; (2) the effective use of local exhaust; (3) ventilation to
dilute contaminated air; (4) exposure control using the principles of time and location use; (5)
cleaning the air by filtration; and (6) education to help reduce personal exposure. Diagnosing
indoor air quality problems involves identifying short-term symptoms typically associated with
colds, flu, and allergies. Long-term symptoms such as cancer are more difficult to identify.
Preventive indoor air programs need to be established to minimize students and staff exposure to
pollutants. 5p.
Report NO: EPA-402-F-96-004
Demonstration of Cooling Savings of Light Colored Roof Surfacing in Florida Commercial Buildings: Our Savior's School.
Parker, Danny S.; Sherwin, John R.; Sonne, Jeffrey K.; Barkaszi, Stephen, Jr. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , 1996)
A 2-year Florida study attempted to quantify air conditioning cost savings when buildings have a white reflective roof. A 10,000 square foot elementary school with a gray modified bitumen roof over plywood decking that had a solar reflectance of 23 percent was monitored for an entire year. After one year of temperature monitoring, the roof was covered with an acrylic white elastomeric coating that achieved a solar reflectance of 68 percent. Classrooms were also insulated with R-19 fiberglass batts. Data show that classroom air temperatures were significantly lower during the second year of the study compared to the first. Additionally, chiller electric power use was reduced by an average of 10 percent, totaling 13,000 kWh in annual savings. School staff also note interior comfort conditions were noticeably improved by the white roofing system. 19p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-904-96TO ORDER: Florida Solar Energy Center, 1679 Clearlake Rd., Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. Tel: 407-638-1011 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
Groundwater Heat Pump Systems: Experience at Two High Schools.
Rafferty, K. (Paper presented at the 1996 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA. Published in ASHRAE Transactions, 1996, v.102, n.1., 1996)
Ground water integrated heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems have been operating in the Northwest for nearly 50 years, and experiences with the early central plant installations have been well documented in ASHRAE literature. Focuses on two of the more recent systems. Both of unitary design, one serves a high school in northern California and the other a high school in western Oregon. The California site, a 144-ton (506kW), 57degF (14degC) groundwater system in operation for two years, demonstrates the importance of verifying the groundwater resource prior to final mechanical design. The Oregon site, a 118-ton (415kW) system, employs a 54degF (12degC) production well and an injection well. It has been in operation for approximately eight years. The energy performance and maintenance requirements are detailed. Experience with these two systems indicates that properly designed groundwater systems are efficient, low maintenance, and cost-effective. [Authors' abstract]
6p.
TO ORDER:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. http://www.ashrae.org
Passive Cooling of Buildings
Santamouris, M.; Asimakopoulos, D. (James & James Science Publishers Ltd , 1996)
With greater awareness of the need to reduce energy consumption comes a growth of interest in passive cooling, particularly as an alternative to air-conditioning. Drawing extensively on information and results compiled under the SAVE European Research Programme, this book describes the fundamentals of passive cooling together with the principles and formulae necessary for its successful implementation. This publication will be of interest to building designers, building engineers including mechanical and electrical engineers, building scientists, especially those involved with building physics, and indoor air specialists.
484p.
HVAC System Automatic Controls and Indoor Air Quality in Schools. Technical Bulletin.
Wheeler, Arthur E. (Maryland Department of Education, School Facilities Branch, Baltimore, MD , 1996)
Fans, motors, coils, and other control components enable a heating, ventilating, and
air-conditioning (HVAC) system to function smoothly. An explanation of these control components
and how they make school HVAC systems work is provided. Different systems may be compared
by counting the number of controlled devices that are required. Control systems are categorized
according to their means of data processing, transmission, and power source: pneumatic, electric,
electronics, direct digital, and self-powered. Likewise, the HVAC system is composed of various
components: sensors, controllers, actuators (the system's power elements), and controlled devices,
(e.g., dampers, valves, and speed regulators). All of these control elements work together to form
a control loop. An overview of HVAC systems controls is offered, which focuses on unit
ventilators, variable air volume systems, rooftop air conditioning, and supplemental systems.
Monitoring the HVAC is also important, and methods such as multiple location supervision are
explored. It is suggested that control system maintenance is another important component of any
HVAC system, which entails the inventorying of tools and parts. Some control problems that may
affect IAQ are provided. 9p.
Environmental Assessment and FONSI for the Bison School District Heating Plant Project (Institutional Conservation Program (ICP)).
(Department of Energy, Washington, DC , 1995)
A paper examines the environmental impacts of replacing the Bison, South Dakota School District's elementary and high school heating system consisting of oil-fired boilers and supporting electrical components with a new coal-fired boiler and supporting control system piping. Various alternative systems are also examined, including purchasing a newer, high efficiency oil-fired boiler; and using natural gas, propane, or electric heating. A description of the affected environment is provided followed by a discussion of the environmental effects of the proposed action. Environmental areas examined include air and water quality, waste management, land use, visual and recreational resources, socioeconomics, noise, safety and health, and transportation. An appendix provides various maps, letters from South Dakota environmental agencies, and data on air emissions from the school's present and proposed boilers. 13p.
The Maintenance of Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems and Indoor Air Quality in Schools: A Guide for School Facility Managers. Technical Bulletin.
Wheeler, Arthur E. (Maryland Department of Education, School Facilities Branch, Baltimore, MD , 1995)
To help maintain good indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools, guidance for the
development and implementation of an effective program for maintenance and operation of heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are discussed. Frequently, a building's occupants
will complain about IAQ when the temperature or humidity are at uncomfortable levels. Such
extremes in humidity or temperature can lead to respiratory distress and other problems. To
manage IAQ, facilities managers must take the lead and ensure that an effective plan is in place for
dealing with HVAC maintenance and other matters. Such plans usually begin with an IAQ profile,
which includes an audit of the HVAC and related systems. Documentation is an important
component of the plan, as is ensuring that all personnel are properly trained. HVAC
commissioning, in which performance and design are verified using computerized controls to
monitor the HVAC system, are other vital aspects of an HVAC plan. When such plans are not in
place, or even when plans fail, some of the consequences for IAQ include inadequate ventilation,
malfunctioning controls, excessive humidity, odors, and irritating vapors.
Selecting HVAC Systems for Schools to Balance the Needs for Indoor Air Quality, Energy Conservation and Maintenance. Technical Bulletin.
Wheeler, Arthur E.; Kunz, Walter S., Jr. (Maryland Department of Education, School Facilities Branch, Baltimore, MD , 1994)
Although poor air quality in a school can have multiple causes, the heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system plays a major role. Suggestions that architects,
facilities managers, school board members, and administrators can use in selecting HVAC systems
are discussed. Focus is on the performance criteria for classroom systems, and includes
temperature and humidity ranges, indoor air quality, energy use, operation and maintenance,
simplicity, staffing and standardization, reliability, flexibility, vandal proofing, and capital cost.
Detailed descriptions of the kinds of systems used for classrooms are also discussed, such as the
use of unit ventilators, variable air volume systems, single zone systems, multizone units, water
source heat pumps, and separate ventilation air systems. The advantages of each of these systems
are presented. Other considerations facing decision makers include choosing between mechanical
or natural ventilation, and figuring ways in which building design, climate, and capital costs will
affect such decisions. Likewise, school officials must consider the specifics of location, architecture,
use, and management of the facility. To achieve the performance objectives of any HVAC system,
requires a balancing of air and water flows, testing performance, documentation, and using trained
operating personnel. 9p.
Environmental Assessment and (FONSI) Winnett School District Boiler Replacement Project.
(Department of Energy, Washington, DC. , 1993)
An analysis is presented of the environmental impacts of replacing the Winnett School District's existing oil-fired heating system with a new coal-fired heating system with funds provided from a grant under the Institutional Conservation Program. The report first covers the background and need for action, along with the alternative actions considered. This is followed by a description of the existing environment, including the air and water quality, ecological resources, floodplains and wetlands, land use, visual and recreational resources, and historic and archaeological resources. Next, the environmental effects of the proposed action on these areas are addressed, including noise, safety and health, and transportation. 41p.
Report NO: DOE/EA-0923
Air Cleaning Devices for HVAC Supply Systems in Schools
Wheeler, Arthur E. (Maryland Department of Education, School Facilities Branch, Baltimore, MD , 1992)
Guidelines for maintaining indoor air quality in schools with HVAC air
cleaning systems are provided in this document. Information is offered on
the importance of air cleaning, sources of air contaminants and indoor
pollutants, types of air cleaners and particulate filters used in central HVAC
systems, vapor and gas removal, and performance standards for air filters.
Tips for upgrading the cost effectiveness of air filters and for maintaining and
purchasing them are also provided. Three figures and three tables are
included. 9p.
TO ORDER:
Maryland Department of Education, School Facilities Branch, 200 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201; Tel: 410-767-0098http://marylandpublicschools.org/MSDE/divisions/bus_svcs/sf/order_form
Airconditioning for Schools.
(Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Mar 1971)
Advocates air-conditioning for schools to improve educational productivity. Explains the economics of air-conditioning, the physiology of cooling bodies, the relation of learning to thermal comfort, and the integration of air-conditioning into modernization projects. The necessity and economy of air conditioning for schools with large open-space learning areas and for those with year-round usage is emphasized. 25p.
Profiles of Significant Schools: Rich Township High School, Olympia Fields Campus, Rich Township, Illinois.
Clinchy, Evans (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , May 1960)
Profiles a high school designed to accommodate the organization of teachers into teams working with student groups of varying sizes--this organization is housed in a compact building with the teaching teams centered in clusters of classrooms. The building is heated in winter and cooled in summer by a heat pump system. The description emphasizes why the school was designed as it was and how it was designed and built. Schematics and photographs are included along with an evaluation of the school in relation to the program for which it was planned. 30p.
References to Journal Articles
Induction Systems Can Cut School HVAC Costs
Caffee, Chris; Snyder, Joe Daily Journal of Commerce; Aug 25, 2011
In a head-to-head comparison, the induction system fared better than ground-coupled heat pumps on capital costs and peak-time electricity use. Case study of the Bethel School District in Pierce County, Washington.
Critical Calculations to Stay Cool. Westerkamp, Thomas Maintenance Solutions; v19 n8 , p9,10 ; Aug 2011
Emphasizes need for determining the type of emergency likely to occur in a facility's setting and to anticipate access to appropriate portable cooling needs. Calculations for accurate required needs are essential.
Stretching Energy Dollars for Healthy Schools. Angerame, Timothy American School and University; v83 n10 , p28-31 ; Jun 2011
Introduces comprehensive monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx), a process to ensure that all building systems are "in tune." Its three components are: permanent energy information systems and diagnostic tools at the whole-building and sub-system level, retro-commissioning based on the data this generates, and ongoing commissioning that ensures efficient building operations and measurement-based savings accounting. Particular attention is given to the importance to a well-maintained chiller.
Impacting Learning. Harris, Bill; Lambert, Chip School Planning and Management; v50 n5 , p44-46 ; May 2011
Discusses the negative effect of classroom noise on teaching and learning, standards for classroom acoustics, and HVAC design that minimizes noise while using less energy.
Tapping into the Power of DDC. Hounsell, Dan Maintenance Solutions; v19 n5 , p8,9 ; May 2011
Describes benefits of direct digital control (DDC) of HVAC systems, and its application at the University of Nevada Las Vegas. The ability to view real time data from several buildings, monitor equipment performance, improve occupant comfort, and save energy are described.
First LEED Platinum Pool Features HVAC Natatorium Design.
Topikian, Harry Environmental Design + Construction; Mar 24, 2011
Case study of Philadelphia’s Kappen Aquatic Center at the Overbrook School for the Blind. The energy efficient design saves an estimated 43 percent of the 25,000-square-foot facility’s energy costs compared to a conventional natatorium. The majority of the savings comes from off-peak energy loading, architectural building envelope features such as insulated concrete forms, and a HVAC dehumidification system.
Engineering a Sustainable School.
Beddow, Bruce Consulting-Specifying Engineer; Mar 08, 2011
Details the design of a school HVAC upgrade that included a geo-solar system. Engineers designed a system that was architecturally integrated, offering students a unique learning tool. The article includes charts that illustrate energy use and the anticipated time for the recovery of the investment is discussed.
School Building Mechanical Engineering 101.
MacFerran, Ernest School Planning and Management; v50 n3 , p33,34,36-40 ; Mar 2011
Advises on cost-savings methods that also achieve green goals in planning for consistent and dependable indoor air quality, and reduced construction, energy, and maintenance costs. Topics include cooling tower systems, evaluation of project bids, solar hot water, sewage treatment plants, school kitchens, and insulation of classroom ductwork. Case study of Hillsborough County School District, in Tampa.
Cooling in a Crisis. [Temporary Cooling Strategies.]
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v19 n3 , p4,5 ; Mar 2011
Advises on using termporary cooling technology, addressing prioritization of areas to cool, the possibility of moving activities rather than using cooling equipment, right-sizing of equipment, and types of equipment available.
Finding a Balance.
Przyborowski, Danielle College Planning and Management; v14 n3 , p47-50 ; Mar 2011
Addresses current trends in the invisible components of building systems: foam duct insulation, greener energy systems, and water resource conservation. The article highlights Pennsylvania State University steps to establish an Energy Innovation Hub to be located at Philadelphia Navy Yard Clean Energy campus.
Breathing New Life into Old Equipment. [Retrocommissioning: Boilers and Water Heaters.]
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v19 n2 , p6,8,9 ; Feb 2011
Addresses the problems associated with deteriorating boilers and domestic water heaters before the end of their rated service life. Some systems are good candidates for retrocommissioning, which provides excellent data gathering for use by technicians.
Integrate Your Plans for Energy and Maintenance.
O'Donnell, Patrick Buildings; v104 n12 , p40-44 ; Dec 2010
Advises on the collateral planning for energy conservation and HVAC maintenance. Routine HVAC maintenance procedures that can save energy are described and mandated.
Intelligent Building Ventilation Creates Greener, More Economical Lab Buildings. Brierley, Robert Laboratory Design; v15 n11 , p8,9 ; Nov 2010
Makes the case that the most advanced studies in ventilation indicate strongest benefits from demand control ventilation (DCV), which continuously measures the indoor environmental quality and then varies the amount of air brought into the lab throughout the day. DCV enables the system to not only save energy when occupancy levels are now and the air is "clean," but also to increase the fresh air supply when needed to dilute contaminants.
Heat + Power = Savings.
Matt, Chris Maintenance Solutions; v18 n11 , p20,21 ; Nov 2010
Uses Fairfield University’s experience with combined heat and power generation to illustrate the savings and reliability of power generated on campus. Design details of Fairfield’s system are described, as are the particular challenges of commissioning such a system in conjunction with the local utility.
Chillers: What's Old Is New Again.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v18 n11 , p7,8 ; Nov 2010
Discusses retrocommissioning, rather than replacing, facility chillers. A chiller's eligibility for retrocommissioning, elements of retrocommissioning, and the make-up of the retrocommissioning team are addressed.
Facility Monitoring Requirements for Optimal Energy Efficiency.
Sharp, Gordon American School and Hospital Facility; v33 n6 , p10,12,13 ; Nov-Dec 2010
Discusses the inadequacy of demand control ventilation (DCV) in maintaining optimal indoor environmental quality. The advantages of intelligent controls with the ability to sense a variety of indoor environmental issues are detailed.
Boilers: The Quest for Efficiency.
Hounsell, Dan Maintenance Solutions; v18 n10 , p8,10 ; Oct 2010
Discusses energy-efficient condensing boilers. While these boilers can deliver considerably higher efficiency over conventional boilers, care must be taken to monitor return-water temperature and keep the boiler clean in order to obtain the desired savings.
Plugging into the Earth.
Pratapchandran, Sarat School Planning and Management; v49 n10 , p20,22,24-31 ; Oct 2010
Discusses the widening use of geothermal HVAC systems in schools, addressing the savings realized by several schools that use them and the lack of widespread engineering knowledge for these systems.
True Measures
Cox, Ron American School and University; v83 n1 , p30-32 ; Sep 2010
Discusses filtration measurements for HVAC filters, noting the premier role of air filters in maintaining healthy indoor air, confusion within measurement techniques and standards, energy efficiency, moisture and temperature resistance, and sustainability.
The Smart Grid: Intelligent Technology for a Sustainable Future.
White, John Facility Management Journal; v20 n5 , p64,66,67 ; Sep-Oct 2010
Describes variable frequency HVAC motors, more efficient transformers, increased electrical grid efficiency, and collaboration between building owners and energy providers that will result in significant reduction of electrical use.
Efficient HVAC Strategies: An Emerging Technology Primer.
Hock, Linsley Laboratory Design; v15 n8 , p1,5,6,8 ; Aug 2010
Discusses the particular problems of laboratory HVAC systems, which typically condition a large amount of fresh air and only cycle it through the building once. Variable air volume (VAV) systems can coordinate exhaust rates with fume hoods to lower exhaust when hoods are not in use. Advances in fume hood technology are also discussed, as are room sensors that adjust HVAC operations based on air quality in the room.
Is the Heat On?
Milshtein, Amy School Planning and Management; v49 n8 , p42,44,46,48 ; Aug 2010
Advocates automated HVAC system controls in schools, where systems can be controlled from a central location. Energy savings of up to 18 percent are attainable, even before eliminating the necessity of traveling from school to school to adjust systems.
Sustainability with a Sane Tack.
Peterson, Dennis The School Administrator; v67 n7 , p26-28,30,31 ; Aug 2010
Describes the Minnetonka School District's sustainability efforts, under the UPonGREEN program. Replacement and retrofit of lighting and HVAC systems are described, as is increased recycling, UPonGREEN criteria, and school environmental activism.
Boilers: Playing It Safe.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v18 n8 , p7,8 ; Aug 2010
Explains and gives specific examples for the critical need for ongoing inspection and testing program of boilers, carried out by a well-trained staff of technicians.
Rightsizing HVAC Systems.
Sebesta, James Facilities Manager; v26 n4 , p43-48 ; Jul-Aug 2010
Discusses saving construction and operation dollars by conservative sizing of the higher education HVAC systems. The Northrup Auditorium at the University of Minnesota is offered as an example.
Maintaining Student Performance.
Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v49 n6 , p26,28,30 ; Jun 2010
Describes how proper maintenance of school HVAC systems contributes to educational achievement through better air quality and thermal comfort. An example of preventive maintenance on systems in the Round Rock (Texas) School District illustrates many procedures, their respective costs, and benefits.
Preserve and Conserve.
Gregerson, John Buildings; v104 n6 , p76-78 ; Jun 2010
Discusses standards and procedures for HVAC system inspection and predictive maintenance that are designed to save energy. In-house versus outsourced work is also addressed.
Auditing HVAC for Improved Efficiency.
Harris, Bill College Planning and Management; v13 n6 , p39,40,42 ; Jun 2010
Discusses pressures in higher education facilities due to increased enrollments, aging infrastructure, and lower tax revenues. A critical system audit (CSA) of HVAC systems is recommended to prioritize repairs and upgrades. Elements of a CSA and improved results due to current technology are also described.
Using BIM in HVAC Design.
Knight, Dennis; Roth, Stephen; Rosen, Steven ASHRAE Journal; v52 n6 , p24,26,28,30,32 ; Jun 2010
Demonstrates that BIM (building information modeling) software is a very effective tool when used at the beginning of the design process. When changes are made to the design, the software automatically updates HVAC requirements. Special ventilation needs, such as science labs, are taken into consideration.
On the Use of Windcatchers in Schools: Climate Change, Occupancy Patterns, and Adaptation Strategies.
Mavrogianni, A.; Mumovic, D. Indoor and Built Environment; v 9 n 3 , 340-354 ; Jun 2010
Focuses on use of a windcatcher system in typical classrooms which are usually characterized by high and intermittent internal heat gains. The aims of this paper are 3-fold. First, to describe a series of field measurements that investigated the ventilation rates, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort in a newly constructed school located at an urban site in London. Secondly, to investigate the effect of changing climate and occupancy patterns on thermal comfort in selected classrooms, while taking into account adaptive potential of this specific ventilation strategy. Thirdly, to assess performance of the ventilation system using the newly introduced performance-based ventilation standards for school buildings. The results suggest that satisfactory occupant comfort levels could be achieved until the 2050s by a combination of advanced ventilation control settings and informed occupant behavior. [author's abstract]
TO ORDER:
http://ibe.sagepub.com/content/19/3/340.abstract
Geothermal for School.
AHRAE Journal; v52 n5 , p40-42,44 ; May 2010
Details the planning and building of geothermal exchange system for HVAC at Whitmore Lake High School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Details include building layout to accommodate zone sensors and unitary heat pumps and moisture-resistant fabric ductwork. Results include very little consumption of natural gas. Green innovation in restroom facility design and processes for kitchen's refrigeration and freezing result in other cost-savings.
Energy-Saving Dorms.
Friedman, Glenn ASHRAE Journal; v52 n5 , p20-22,24 ; May 2010
Addresses challenges and solutions for LEED-Silver (New Construction) certification for air conditioning a dormitory that regularly must content with 100-degree F temperatures. Architects and engineers must consider building design, energy efficiency, IAQ and thermal comfort, innovation, operation and maintenance, and cost effectiveness, all within university evolving targets. Follow-up includes instructing students on window use.
Save Money, Reduce Maintenance, and Improve Facility Management.
Harris, Gill; Preston, Laura American School and Hospital Facility; v33 n3 , p6-8 ; May-Jun 2010
Discuses building automation system (BAS) technology, which arrived on the scene in the 1980s, promising to revolutionize the way facility managers control critical mechanical systems and improve building performance. More than two decades have passed and it is clear that building automation has largely lived up to its promise, creating a new standard of smarter, safer, more energy-efficient buildings.
The Top Ten Energy Wasters in K-12 Facilities (and What to Do about Them).
Leathers, Dave School Business Affairs; v76 n4 , p32-34 ; May 2010
Presents the top ten sources of wasted energy and water in schools, along with suggestion for how to mitigate them. These involve HVAC systems, lighting, and plumbing.
Data Centers: Meeting the Cooling Challenge.
Cosaboon, David Maintenance Solutions; v18 n4 , p8 ; Apr 2010
Discusses typical cooling problems in data centers, and advises on the selection of portable air conditioners when leasing arrangements do not allow redesign of the building cooling system.
Avoiding Failure.
McGraw, Michael American School and University; v82 n9 , p30-32 ; Apr 2010
Discusses meeting emergency school cooling needs, addressing site preparation, preparation for installation, and equipment selection, all of which should be executed in advance of an emergency. The opportunity for experimenting with more current HVAC technologies through rental of state-of-the art equipment during the outage are also suggested.
Out with the Old.
Rydeen, James; Stofferahn, Terry; Lange, Jim American School and University; v82 n9 , p33-35 ; Apr 2010
Describes conventional and induction displacement ventilation in schools. The cost effectiveness, increased ventilation, and acoustical benefits are addressed, as are building and room design requirements for effective deployment of displacement ventilation.
Critical Facilities: Get Cool Air Where It Counts.
Salim, Munther; Tozer, Robert Building Operating Management; v57 n2 , p35,36,38,40,42,43 ; Feb 2010
Discusses computer room air conditioning management (CRAC), including bypass flow, balance of server and CRAC unit flows, and recirculation. The behavior of air within various computer center designs and recommendations for improvement are addressed.
Acoustics, Daylighting and IAQ.
Wente, Larry School Planning and Management; v49 n2 , p20,22,24-26 ; Feb 2010
Advises on insulating school buildings against intrusive external and internal noise, daylighting, and HVAC system selection for maximum indoor air quality. A new Teaneck, New Jersey, school is offered as an example.
How Ventilation Affects Comfort.
Edelman, Lon Facility Management Journal; v20 n1 , p35-37 ; Jan-Feb 2010
Discusses the role of air filters in maintaining indoor air quality, citing the history of filters, their typical composition, styles available, and the respective filtration capacities and resistance of five types of filters.
The Thermal Comfort Zone.
Gregerson, John Buildings; v104 n1 , p38-40 ; Jan 2010
Discusses the difficulty of achieving a unanimous perception of thermal comfort in a building, and the advantages of displacement ventilation in that endeavor. Advice on designing, computer modeling, and installing displacement ventilation is included.
Cooling with Less Air.
Weidner, Steve; Doerger, Jerome; Walsh, Michael ASHRAE Journal; v51 n12 , p34-40 ; Dec 2009
Discusses underfloor air distribution and chilled beam systems for cooling that uses less energy and delivers superior occupant comfort. The function, design, and combination of these systems are detailed, illustrated by an example of a 376,000 square foot facility housing 2,200 people.
High Indoor Air Quality is Crucial in Schools and Health Care Facilities.
Gatland, Stan American School and Hospital Facility; v32 n6 , p10,12,13 ; Nov-Dec 2009
Discusses moisture management in wall assemblies and HVAC systems, and moisture-attenuating building products for walls and ductwork.
Plumbing: Rewarding Retrofits.
Matt, Chris Maintenance Solutions; v17 n11 , p18,19 ; Nov 2009
Describes conversion to water-saving plumbing fixtures at the University of Georgia, as well as attention to water use in cooling towers and research buildings. A saving of 90 million gallons of annual water use per year was realized.
Cooling and Heating When It Counts.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v17 n11 , p10,12 ; Nov 2009
Advises on heating or cooling a building when regular systems fail. Preparing a plan, prioritizing areas to be addressed, distinguishing between comfort and equipment load, and procuring and installing temporary equipment is addressed.
VFD: Basic Tool for Energy Savings. [VFDs in HVAC Systems.]
Piper, James Building Operating Management; v56 n11 , p31,32,34,36 ; Nov 2009
Describes the features and virtues of variable frequency drives (VFDs) in HVAC systems. These energy-saving drives have evolved to the point that they can be installed on most existing HVAC systems, thus matching the system capacity to the load, saving wear on motors, and even creating quieter systems.
Filter Facts: IAQ and Efficiency.
Winterland, Philip Maintenance Solutions; v17 n10 , p17 ; Oct 2009
Discusses types of HVAC air filters, their respective filtering efficiencies, and resistance to air flow. Advantages and disadvantages of newer electrostatic filtering are also addressed.
Chilled Beams in Laboratories: Key Strategies to Ensure Effective Design, Construction and Operation, Part 2.
Laboratory Design; v14 n9 , p7,8,10,12 ; Sep 2009
Discusses three areas of chilled beam system design: system sizing, controls and integration, and energy modeling. A chilled beam system designed for a laboratory with this information in mind can reduce building energy use and costs compared to a standard VAV reheat system.
Clearing the High-Rise Challenge.
Trondsen, Christina Environmental Design and Construction; v12 n9 ; Sep 2009
Describes the University of Hawaii's new 12-story dormitory, with sub-metered air conditioning that can be charged back to the students. Specifications of the HVAC system are included.
Chilled Beams in Laboratories: Key Strategies to Ensure Effective Design, Construction and Operation, Part 1.
Laboratory Design; v14 n6 , p1-4 ; Aug 2009
Describes how chilled beam cooling systems work, their particular advantages to laboratories, and present three case scenarios for chilled beam systems in different laboratory designs.
Maintaining Your HVAC System.
Buildings; v103 n8 , p58,59 ; Aug 2009
Describes regular maintenance duties for HVAC systems, along with the interval at which they should be performed. These are filter replacement; coil cleaning; inspecting fans, bearings, and belts; inspecting around air intakes; repairing leaks in cabinet and supply ducts; cleaning and adjust dampers; and cleaning air ducts.
CO2 Monitoring Advances Air Quality and Energy Efficiency.
Schaffner, Chris Buildings; v103 n8 , p44-46 ; Aug 2009
Discusses the benefits of carbon dioxide monitoring to indoor air quality, assessing occupancy for demand control ventilation, and earning LEED credits. Advice on installation, calibration, and monitoring of carbon dioxide sensors is included.
Beyond R-22: Managers' Options.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v17 n7 , p11 ; Jul 2009
Discusses facility manager’s options as the HVAC refrigerant R-22 is phased out beginning in 2010. While R-22 will continue to be available for existing systems, managers should consider the opportunity of upgrading to newer, more efficient systems that do not use R-22. Suggestions for weighing the benefits and prioritizing system replacements are offered.
Toughening up the Energy Code. [A Preview of ASHRAE 90.1-2010.]
Silverstien, Andrew Building Operating Management; v56 n6 , p47,48,51-53 ; Jun 2009
Previews the elements of the next revision of this ASHRAE standard, which will improve minimum prescriptive energy efficiency targets by 30 percent over the 2004 edition. The standard covers a variety of HVAC details, as well as lighting and daylighting design.
Circulating Ideas on HVLS Fans.
Taber, Christian The Construction Specifier; v62 n6 , p116-120,122-125 ; Jun 2009
Disucsses advances in high-volume, low-speed (HVLS) ceiling fans that have created quiet and energy-efficient devices that can deliver significant HVAC savings by reducing the amount of ductwork needed, de-stratifying the indoor air, and allowing thermostats to be set higher in the summer and lower in the winter.
Moving Air for Comfort.
Arens, Edward; Turner, Stephen; Zhang, Hui; Paliaga, Gwelen ASHRAE Journal; v51 n5 , p18-20,22,24,26-28 ; May 2009
Describes field study findings that reveal preferences for air movement among building occupants. In general, most occupants prefer more air movement than what they presently have. Risk of draft is small at temperatures above 72.5 degrees. Tables and charts illustrate sensory perceptions, opinions of acceptable or unacceptable air movement, and recommended elevated air speed for warmer temperatures. Includes 21 references.
System Application and Design for School Air Conditioning.
Flanagan, Robert ASHRAE Journal; v51 n5 , p56,58,60,62,64,66,68,70,73 ; May 2009
Offers a reprint of a 1966 article on school air conditioning design, noting the types of school buildings prevalent at the time, their differing heating and cooling requirements, and the types of air- conditioning systems available.
The Enforcement of ASHRAE Standard 90.1.
Handwork, David Facilities Manager; v25 n3 , p14-16 ; May 2009
Discusses the evolution of energy efficiency standard for buildings, as it found its way into building codes and affected building envelopes, windows, lighting, and HVAC systems. The article laments that lack of enforcement of this standard in higher education educational facilities, predicts improvement, as federal funding will be linked to meeting or exceeding the standard.
Using Time-of-Day Scheduling to Save Energy.
Murphy, John; Maldeis, Neil ASHRAE Journal; v51 n5 , p42-44,46,48 ; May 2009
Discusses combinations of timers and occupancy sensors to accomplish HVAC reductions in times of low or no building occupancy. A school system that reduced energy consumption by 23 percent is cited as an example. Proper timing of setbacks, override strategies, and demand-controlled ventilation are discussed. Includes five references.
Commissioning Ventilated Containment Systems in the Laboratory.
Lengerich, Stan Laboratory Design; v14 n4 , p1,6-8,10,12 ; Apr 2009
Discusses commissioning of laboratory exhaust systems, listing the types of systems that should be commissioned, the personnel who should be involved, and key elements of the commissioning plan.
Air Out, Energy Efficiency In.
Morrone, Ralph College Planning and Management; v12 n4 , p72-76 ; Apr 2009
Explains how Youngstown State University improved chiller efficiency with coalescing separators that remove up to 99.6 of air from the water flow.
Chiller Challenge: Repair or Replace?
Bakane, Thomas Maintenance Solutions; v17 n3 , p6,7 ; Mar 2009
Examines life expectancies for different kinds of chillers, and advises on assessing whether to repair an ailing chiller or replace it, if it is consistently unreliable or near the end of its life expectancy. Life-cycle costing advice for new chillers is also offered, with emphasis on the energy savings that new chillers typically offer.
Used Filters and Indoor Air Quality.
Beko, Gabriel AHRAE Journal; v51 n3 , p64-66,68,70-72 ; Mar 2009
Briefly describes early and recent studies indicating a negative effect of used ventilation filters on indoor air quality. Possible mechanisms responsible for the emission of pollutants from the filters, the negative economic impact of polluting filters, and possible engineering solutions are discussed.
HVAC Airflow Keeps Pace with Lab Technology Advancements.
Paschke, Nick Laboratory Design; v14 n3 , p12,15 ; Mar 2009
Discusses the use of fabric ductwork to control the velocity, direction, and noise of HVAC airflow. Examples of laboratories where fabric ductwork was installed in response to sensitive instruments and low-flow fume hoods are discussed.
The Drive for Energy Efficiency.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v17 n3 , p14 ; Mar 2009
Discusses the use of variable-frequency drives (VFD s) in HVAC systems to reduce energy use during off-peak demand. Early defects of VFD s that are now remedied are discussed, as are facility applications and additional benefits to reduced maintenance and longer motor life.
Carbon Emissions Trading and Combined Heat and Power Strategies: Unintended Consequences.
Tysseling, John; Vosevich, Mary; Boersma, Benjamin; Zumwalt, Jeffrey Facilities Manager; v25 n2 , p38-43 ; Mar-Apr 2009
Discusses the potential economic consequences of cap-and-trade programs in a combined heat and power (CHP) environment. The University of New Mexico facilities operations program serves as an example of how significant start-up costs can be and how onsite emissions can increase under these schemes. Purchase of carbon offset credits may be required as a result. Includes three references.
Filter Facts: Improving IAQ, Lowering Energy Costs.
Banse, J. Patrick Maintenance Solutions; v17 n2 , p19 ; Feb 2009
Discusses characteristics and types of HVAC air filters, making recommendations on proper selection, maintenance, and replacement of filters.
Noise Control.
Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v48 n2 , p34-37 ; Feb 2009
Discusses control of noise and reverberation in noisy school spaces, such as gymnasiums. The balance of reflective and absorptive materials is discussed, as are HVAC systems and other sources of background noise. Acoustics should be considered in the design phase, but is frequently overlooked, or eliminated to save costs.
HVAC Efficiency: Steps to Savings.
Hughel, Gregory Maintenance Solutions; v17 n2 , p9,10 ; Feb 2009
Discusses HVAC commissioning, retro-commissioning, and energy audits for buildings. Their relative costs and benefits are cited, as are preventive maintenance techniques and obstacles to investing in order to achieving savings, typically presented by administrators.
Bioterrorism: Averting a Crisis.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v17 n2 , p26 ; Feb 2009
Discusses how biological agents might enter a building in a terrorism event, the role of HVAC systems in excluding or at least containing biological agents, and points of an HVAC audit to determine the system's ability to respond to contamination.
The Components of Good Acoustics in a High Performance School.
Stewart, William Educational Facility Planner; v43 n4 , p28-30 ; 2009
Discusses the limitation of outside noise intrusion, minimization of HVAC noise, and reduction of sound reverberation within classrooms. Sources of sound, acceptable levels, mitigation techniques, and national standards for sound attenuation are addressed.
Underfloor Air Distribution 101.
Teplitsky, Alex; Stoehr, Todd Buildings; v103 n1 , p44,45 ; Jan 2009
Describes underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, created under raised floors that also provide space for most other types of service distribution systems. Pressurized and zero-pressure floors are described, as are opportunities for energy savings and improved occupant comfort.
Geothermal Energy: Tapping the Potential.
Johnson, Bill Facilities Manager; v24 n6 , p14-18 ; Nov-Dec 2008
Reviews the state-of-the-practice and the kinds of engineering and programmatic expertise that are required to properly scale geothermal applications up to the institutional level and provide optimized benefits. Some pitfalls of poorly-designed systems are described, and approaches to avoid these are presented.
GoinGreen.
Davis, Michelle Education Week Digital Directions; Oct 2008
Briefly profiles sustainability efforts in schools, including recycling computers, centralized hibernation commands to computers, sophisticated HVAC systems that adjust to outdoor temperature and room occupancy, rainwater collection, and lighting that adjusts to ambient daylighting.
Breaking the "Sound Barrier" for Enhanced Classroom Learning.
Lawton, Christopher School Planning and Management; v47 n10 , p33,34,36 ; Oct 2008
Discusses HVAC industry attempts to create units that would comply with stricter standards for classroom acoustics, with particular attention to the additional challenges found in portable classrooms. The development and testing of units in selected California schools is detailed.
Motors: Defining and Improving Energy.
Maintenance Solutions; v16 n9 , p14,15 ; Sep 2008
Defines what constitutes an energy-efficient motor, discusses what energy cost savings might be realized by using them, and advises on assessing motors for efficiency and replacement, as well as on how to prevent motor failure.
The Corrosion Battle.
Hughes, Dan; Burkhart, Lynn American School and Hospital Facility; v31 n5 , p22-25 ; Sep-Oct 2008
Cites the inevitability of corrosion in HVAC systems, particularly in the condensate pans. Resurfacing of condensate pans with corrosion-resistant coatings is discussed, citing the necessity of controlling off-gassing and particle contamination from the application, the ability of the new surface to withstand water and chemical exposures from the air handler, and the need for restoration of structural integrity if the pan has been seriously compromised.
Temporary Cooling, Long-Lasting Solutions.
Westerkamp, Thomas Maintenance Solutions; v16 n9 , p20,21 ; Sep 2008
Advises on selecting and deploying emergency cooling, recommending that equipment be at least chosen, if not purchased, before the emergency. Types of coolers are described and capacity, vendor selection, and venting is considered.
Refrigerant Management: Compliance Matters.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v16 n8 , p14,15 ; Aug 2008
Reviews federal regulations for refrigerant removal and monitoring, the difficulty frequently encountered in compliance, and some potential consequences of non-compliance or mishandling refrigerants. Recordkeeping is the most challenging element, and is most easily resolved when one person is certified and responsible for that task across an entire facility or campus.
Controlled Breathing.
Welch, John American School and University; v80 n13 , p164-166 ; Aug 2008
Discusses carbon dioxide-based ventilation control to improve school indoor air quality. Evidence of improved attendance and student performance in lower carbon dioxide environments is presented, as well as benefits to energy savings and ventilation regulation.
Boiler Retrofits Help Increase Efficiency, Lower Energy Bills.
Willems, Dan School Planning and Management; v47 n8 , p38,40,41 ; Aug 2008
Reviews the school boiler retrofitting process, including locating the inefficiency in the entire system, consideration of boiler control replacement, incorporation of heat recovery, environmentally friendly burners, and alternative funding strategies.
Blowing Hot and Cold.(Essential HVAC Upkeep.)
Garibay, Pat; Ronsivalli, Lou American School Board Journal; v195 n7 , p36,37 ; Jul 2008
Reviews points of a strategic asset management program for school HVAC systems. Life-cycle cost analysis, simplifying maintenance by standardizing equipment and consolidating vendors, upgrading buildings for better efficiency, and low-cost financing through energy savings contracts are addressed.
TO ORDER:
American School Board Journal, 1680 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314; Tel: 703-838-6722http://www.asbj.com
Naturally Cool Enclosure.
Barista, Dave Building Design and Construction; v49 n8 , p51,52,54,56,58 ; Jun 2008
Profiles Loyola University Chicago's glass-clad digital library, which preserved expansive views of adjacent lake Michigan with a relatively transparent structure. The challenge of heating and cooling such a building was met with a sophisticated combination of passive climate control, natural ventilation, and mechanical heating and cooling.
Four Alternative to Traditional HVAC.
Garris, Leah Buildings; v102, n6 , p110-114,116 ; Jun 2008
As cost-saving alternatives to traditional HVAC, this article describes chilled beam, geothermal, night-sky cooling, and thermal energy storage systems.
Spruce Up Your Facilities for Summer.
Lally, Maureen CASH Register; v29 n6 , p6,7,11 ; Jun 2008
Discusses low- and no-cost measures that can be taken to improve school facility energy performance. Performance contracting and HVAC maintenance are emphasized.
Going Green: Environmentally Friendly Schools Pay Off.
Lafee, Scott California Schools Magazine; Apr 10, 2008
Describes California's Inderkum High School, its geothermal HVAC system, and the savings anticipated from the system. The rapid spread of high performance schools in California and the role of the Collaborative for High Performance Schools is also discussed.
Energy Management: A Strategy for HVAC Savings.
Crow, Carl Maintenance Solutions; v16 n4 , p10,12 ; Apr 2008
Describes retro-commissioning of buildings for energy efficiency. Typical elements for scrutiny include lighting controls, HVAC systems, and the building envelope.
To LEED or Not to LEED? That Is the Question.
Micham, Ray College Planning and Management; v11 n4 , p32,34-36 ; Apr 2008
Compares the large quantity of energy buildings consume to that of other human activities, encourages LEED certification, emphasizes the value of building commissioning, describes the right-sizing of HVAC equipment, and describes administrative costs associated with LEED certification.
Delaware Biotechnology Institute: Improving IAQ with UVC.
Scheir, Robert College Planning and Management; v11 n4 , p60,62,64,66 ; Apr 2008
Details the benefits of adding ultraviolet-C lights to this institution's HVAC system. These include use of the condensate as clean make-up water, reduction of biocide use, cleaner indoor air, and electricity savings.
What a Water-Cooled HVAC System Can Do for Your Building.
Ackerman, Jerry Buildings; v102 n3 , p72,74-76 ; Mar 2008
Compares air- and water-cooled HVAC systems, noting that water-cooled systems are more energy-efficient. However, the widespread perception of water-cooled systems is that they are more difficult to maintain, and that the cost of replacement water they use offsets energy savings. Features of newer, easier to maintain pulsed-power systems are detailed, and a chart comparing typical energy use and emissions of each type of system is provided.
Rethinking Cooling Strategies.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v16 n3 , p17-19 ; Mar 2008
Advises on selecting replacement cooling equipment, which may mean re-examining cooling needs, replacement of single chillers with multiple units, and consideration of completely different cooling technologies.
Modular Boiler Systems Can Save Power in Labs.
Bell, Geoffey Laboratory Design; v13 n2 , p1-4,6 ; Feb 2008
Discusses the ability of modular or multiple hot water boiler systems to save energy in laboratories. Benefits detailed include right-sizing boiler capacity to match variable load, redundancy to improve boiler maintenance and replacement, increased flexibility for upgrading or expanding boiler capacity, and elimination of standby energy waste. Details of a case study from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and advice on modular boiler system retrofit is included.
TO ORDER:
http://www.rdmag.com/labdesignnews
HVAC and IAQ Systems.
Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v47 n1 , p91-93 ; Jan 2008
Advises on selecting a schol HVAC system for good indoor air quality, emphasizing filtration, quantity and sources of outside air, humidity control, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, geothermal technology, and post-occupancy testing.
The Air Filtration-Energy Connection.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v16 n1 , p26,27 ; Jan 2008
Discusses balancing air filtration and HVAC energy consumption, with advice on identifying level of filtration needed, selecting filters, and current filter types.
Demand Pumping Allows Optimum Control of Energy Use.
Pratapchandran, Sarat Educational Facility Planner; v42 n4 , p22 ; 2008
Presents an interview that reviews the advantages of and obstacles to demand pumping and geothermal HVAC systems for schools, citing three Texas schools as examples.
Find and Prevent Legionella in Your Building Water Systems.
Turner; Simon; Handley, David Buildings; v102 n1 , p50-52 ; Jan 2008
Reviews sources of Legionella bacteria, proper maintenance of cooling towers and plumbing to prevent its infestation, and treatment of the towers if the bacteria is found.
Hot Button: Effective Boiler Maintenance.
Westerkamp, Thomas Maintenance Solutions; v16 n1 , p12,14 ; Jan 2008
Advises on boiler maintenance, including boiler types, typical causes for failure and how to prevent them, and attention to the unit heaters that utilize the boiler output.
Planning for Optimum IAQ.
Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v11 n1 , p92,93 ; Jan 2008
Discusses the importance of considering a higher education building's occupancy, size, orientation, scheduling, and staffing when designing its HVAC system. Levels of filtration and fresh air control are also discussed. An example from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, illustrates the text.
Geothermal Installation Wins Praise from SUNY Brockport.
Heochaidh, Roibin School Construction News; v10 n7 , p23,24 ; Nov-Dec 2007
Profiles the individual geothermal HVAC units that serve a new townhouse-style residential facility at the State University of New York at Brockport. Highlights of the system's design, along with other energy saving features of the residences are discussed.
Geothermal: Engineer Says System Can Lower Costs.
Perry, Amy School Construction News; v10 n7 , p22 ; Nov 2007
Presents and interview with Tom Perry, HVAC designer, that discusses the types of geothermal systems available, how much they can save schools on energy and maintenance costs, and some of the challenges facing schools when installing a new system.
What Is Your IAQ?
Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v10 n11 , p35,36,38 ; Nov 2007
Profiles the Iowa State University maintenance department's attention to indoor air quality in its buildings. Automation systems, preventive maintenance, handling of complaints, and staff training are addressed.
New School Checklist: Can We Head 'em Off at the Pass?
Turner, William; Caulfield, Steven Indoor Environment Connections; v8 n10 , p32,33 ; Aug 2007
Reviews design details and building commissioning for good school indoor air quality, as well as triage for furnishings and educational materials that were either salvaged or discarded from a moisture-plagued school that had to be demolished.
Minimizing Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories, Part Two.
Frenze, David; Mathew, Paul; Morehead, Michael; Sartor, Dale; Starr, William Laboratory Design; v12 n7 , p14-17 ; Jul 2007
Discusses the problem of simultaneous heating and cooling resulting from load variations in laboratories. The problem arises when adjacent laboratories have widely differing equipment loads, but are served by a single air-handling unit with zone reheat coils for temperature control. The air being supplied to the high-intensity laboratory drives the supply air temperature down, but that air will subsequently be reheated for the low-intensity laboratories in order to maintain desired temperatures. This second part of a two-part article describes alternative HVAC systems that will address the problem.
Validating Comfort Complaints with Data Loggers.
Lubofsky, Evan Facilities Manager; v23 n4 , p36-38 ; Jul-Aug 2007
Discusses us of data loggers to accurately assess thermal conditions in schools. Selection, installation, and data retrieval and analysis are covered.
Water, Water Everywhere.
Milshtein, Amy School Planning and Management; v46 n7 , p34,36,37 ; Jul 2007
Discusses techniques for keeping water out of school buildings. Air spaces between exterior and interior walls, weep holes in the masonry, and waterproofing applications are described, as are new roof bonding agents and green roofs. New lining products and techniques for ductwork and plumbing are also described.
Is Your Facility "Air-Sick?" Improve IAQ for Greener, Healthier Buildings.
Matela, Dave American School and Hospital Facility; v30 n3 , p20-22 ; May 2007
Reviews statistics on the negative effects of poor indoor air quality in schools and filtration strategies for better indoor air.
Go Green with Air Filtration Upgrades.
Matela, Dave College Planning and Management; v10 n4 , pG36,G38,G39 ; Apr 2007
Reviews the benefits of good air indoor quality to schools, and addresses the role of air filtration to IAQ. Lower pressure-drop filters that still clean air well are covered, as are the filter's role in greenhouse gas emissions, raw material use, and waste output.
Easy on the Earth.
Hall, Julie American School and University; v79 n7 , p46,48-50 ; Mar 2007
Cites the environmental benefits of geothermal systems, proper school site selection and design, and green roofs.
Geoexchange HVAC System Sets a New Standard for Energy Efficiency.
School Planning and Management; v46 n2 , p36-39 ; Feb 2007
Profiles a geothermal HVAC system at an Ottoville, Ohio, K-12 school. The energy saved paid for the elaborate system in less than the projected four years.
In the Background.
Baribay, Pat American School and University; v79 n6 , p30,32,33 ; Feb 2007
Reviews the impact of poor acoustics on learning, especially to those at higher risk. Basics of good acoustical classroom design, undertaken at the outset of school design, are covered, as are points of HVAC system design and installation that impact classroom acoustics.
Seven Special IAQ Challenges.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v10 n2 , p36,38-41 ; Feb 2007
Reviews the particular indoor air quality challenges accompanying campus kitchens, print shops, laboratories, and library/media centers. Ventilation and control of humidity and toxins are covered.
Outside the Box: Reduce and Simplify.
Plant, Frederick Facilities Manager; v22 n6 , p32,33,35-38,40 ; Nov-Dec 2006
Details an extensive renovation and replacement project of boilers and electrical generation infrastructure at Valparaiso University. Equipment was reconfigured and redistributed, which resulted in a payback of seven years. Labor freed from maintenance duties was put to better use, and money was even earned from the sale of decommissioned equipment.
Green Goes Underground.
Schneider, Jay Building Design and Construction; v47 n13 , p59-61 ; Nov 2006
Profiles the University of Ontario Institute of Technology's geothermal system, which is the largest in Canada and the second largest in North America. The extremely deep wells were bored by oil well drillers. In spite of the significant installation cost, the huge system is expected to pay for itself in four years of energy savings.
Research Report on Effects of HVAC on Student Performance.
Wargocki, Pawel; Wyon, David ASHRAE Journal; v48 n10 , p22-24,26-28 ; Oct 2006
Summarizes the results of a recent study to determine if increased outdoor air supply and lower classroom temperatures would improve student performance. The experimental approach and interventions of the study are described, and the results indicate that an increase in ventilation rates from 6.4 to 20.1 cfm (3 to 9 L/s) could improve student performance by 8-14 percent, while modest temperature reductions could improve performance by 2-4 percent.
HVAC Equipment: The Inventory-Performance Link.
Westerkamp, Thomas Maintenance Solutions; v14 n10 , p18-20 ; Oct 2006
Discusses inventory management of HVAC supplies and spare parts to ensure reliable operation. Inventory is divided into consumables, including the proper lubricants, filters, packing, and sealants; and spare parts, including those recommended for inventory and those ordered as needed. A computerized maintenance management system is recommended, as are the elements of a good training program for the stores team and types of inventory reports that should be readily available.
The Grass is Greener on This Side.
Pascopella, Angela District Administration; v42 n8 , p42-44,46,48,50 ; Aug 2006
Highlights practices within the five most popular ways to create a "green" school: lighting, indoor air quality, minimizing waste, HVAC systems, and water conservation.
Making the Grade with Improved Air Filtration.
School Planning and Management; v45 n7 , p32-36,38,39 ; Jul 2006
Describes simple changes made by a school to its air filtration that greatly improved indoor air quality. A change in type and installation of filters made for better filtration and easier access, which meant that filters were changed at proper intervals. This also contributed to cleaner ductwork and coils.
A Sustainable Approach.
del Monte, Betsy American School and University; v78 n12 , p19,20,22 ; Jul 2006
Describes elements of sustainable school design in the areas of HVAC efficiency, windows, insulation, roofing, landscaping, and recycling.
The Air Down There.
Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v9 n7 , p29,30,32,33 ; Jul 2006
Defines displacement ventilation (DV) and describes its benefits to air quality, energy savings, noise control, and comfort. Also included is a comparison of DV to under-floor air distribution (UFAD), examples of schools that use DV, and architectural considerations for DV installation.
Chilled Water System for University Campus.
Duda, Stephen ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p12-14,16,20 ; May 2006
Details the financial, energy, and engineering considerations behind a chilled water system at Missouri State University that replaced most of the individual systems serving campus buildings. The prime contractor's compensation was linked to energy performance, which necessitated careful study of the cost benefits of the system. Ultimately, not all buildings were included in the system, as they were too remote or had relatively efficient systems already in place. Includes seven references.
High Performance School Characteristics.
Eley, Charles ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p60-63,65,66 ; May 2006
Details the properties of high performance school buildings under the categories of building envelope, lighting, and HVAC and dehumidification. Initial verses operating costs are addressed, as are the benefits to health, comfort, efficiency, maintenance, commissioning, environmental responsibility, security, and good architecture. Includes five references.
Head of the Class for No GHG-School.
Harouni, Raif; Nichols, Laurier; Jean-Louis, Marie-Judith ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p22-24,26,27 ; May 2006
Profiles the building and HVAC design of Quebec's Ecole du Tournant, which emits no greenhouse gasses and uses 80% less energy than a typical school built according to the standard energy code. The composition of the roof, exterior walls, and windows, as well as the efficient lighting system are briefly described. The geothermal heat pump and makeup air unit using solar walls are covered in detail.
Reduced Outdoor Air for Auditorium: Standard 62 IAQ Procedure.
Johnson, Peter ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p54-58 ; May 2006
Describes how a new Ohio school auditorium achieved good air quality and reduced outside air usage through heat recovery and a combination of bipolar cleaning with high- efficiency particulate phase filtering. Includes two references.
Strategies for Improving IAQ.
Megerson, James; Torline, Chris ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p40-42,44-46 ; May 2006
Describes design changes to the HVAC system at Kansas City's Blue Valley North High School initiated to address poor indoor air quality in that facility, but deemed so successful that they were repeated throughout the district. The new system features displacement ventilation, variable air volume rooftop units, new pulse combustion boilers, and web-enabled management.
Ground-Source Heat Pumps: Energy Efficiency for Two Canadian Schools.
Minea, Vasile ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p28-30,32,34-36,38 ; May 2006
Details the design, construction, costs, and operation of ground-source heat pump systems at two Canadian schools. The construction of the system cost 26% less than a conventional HVAC system, and consumes 66.5% less energy. Includes four references.
The Right Place for Displacement.
Arent, John; Blatt, Morton, Meister, Bradley Engineered Systems; , p56,58,60-62 ; Apr 2006
Describes the benefits of displacement ventilation in school buildings, including more fresh air delivered to occupants, less noise, lower maintenance costs, and energy savings.
Includes six references.
The Noisy Drawbacks of LEED-Certified HVAC Systems.
Teel, Jeff School Planning and Management; v45 n4 , pG32-G34 ; Apr 2006
Narrates the author s experience as an acoustical consultant engaged to assess noise- sensitive areas of a school after a noisy, but highly efficient HVAC system with geothermal wells, was installed.
Natatoriums: The Inside Story.
Xie, Lan; Cooper, Kenneth ASHRAE Journal; v48 n4 , p16-18,20,22-27 ; Apr 2006
Provides extensive advice on HVAC systems for natatoriums, including temperature and humidity control for the pool, spectator areas, and locker rooms. The complicated and interconnected factors of water temperature, evaporation, space pressurization, surface temperatures, dehumidification, vapor retarders, and air return/exhaust are considered.
Ventilation Heat Recovery for Laboratories.
VanGeet, Otto; Reilly, Sue ASHRAE Journal; v48 n3 , p44-46,48-50,52,53 ; Mar 2006
Discusses energy recovery from laboratory air, which typically requires 100 percent outdoor air at high ventilation rates. Energy recovery can substantially reduce the cost of conditioning this air, which is often five times greater than in an office. Enthalpy wheels, heat pipes, runaround loops, and plate heat exchangers are covered, as are key building design, maintenance, and air quality issues.
Measuring HVAC Efficiency.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v9 n1 , p22,23 ; Jan 2006
Discusses seven efficiency measurements for HVAC systems: flue gas analysis, air velocity, air volume, ASHRAE standards, humidity, differential pressure, and particle counting.
Taking Back Control...Using Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs).
Hafar, Linda; Leon, Daniel Facilities Manager; v22 n1 , p51-54 ; Jan-Feb 2006
Describes the background behind Sacramento State University's decision to switch to programmable logic controller (PLC) for its building systems, and the challenges encountered making the new and old systems compatible, reconciling the costs, and obtaining the resources and training for the conversion, and timing the changes.
High and Dry.
Johnson, Robert American School and University; v78 n4 , p34-36 ; Dec 2005
Cites the effects of indoor air pollution on students, teachers, facilities, and equipment. Recommendations for eliminating excess humidity through proper attention to the building and its HVAC system are included.
Sealing In Energy Savings.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v13 n12 ; Dec 2005
New-generation insulation can enhance energy efficiency and minimize moisture problems. This article discusses roofing applications, wall insulation, duct applications, and pipe insulation.
Shining a Light on a More Healthful Environment.
Scheir, Robert School Planning and Management; v44 n12 , p15,16,18 ; Dec 2005
Discusses the use of ultraviolet-C (UVC) lamps in within school HVAC systems to kill molds and other airborne microbes. The lamps are particularly useful against very small organisms that can pass through filters, and also help reduce buildup of organic matter within the system.
Stacking Up.
Naylor, Jim American School and University; v78 n3 , p302-304 ; Nov 2005
Discusses chimney deterioration due to internal chemical and temperature assaults, weather, and construction techniques. Various protective coatings and their properties are suggested, and a proactive chimney maintenance program is recommended, including knowledge of the chimney's construction and history, and regular inspections.
Chiller Technology That Saves
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; Nov 2005
Electric chillers represent the single largest electrical load in most buildings, accounting for 35-50 percent of a building’s annual electricity use. For this reason, maintenance and engineering managers who look closely at their building’s chiller system can identify ways to reduce operating and energy costs. This discusses high-efficiency chillers, software, high-efficiency purge systems, oil-less centrifugal chillers, multiple-chiller installations, and alternative-fuel chillers
New Utilities Replace Nagging Futilities.
Schurr, Arthur School Construction News; v8 n7 , p34 ; Nov-Dec 2005
Decribes the features of an attractive new higher education central utilities plant and system that replaced an aged, inadequate, and unreliable one at an historic higher education campus.
Tools of the Trade.
Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v44 n8 , p23,24,26 ; Aug 2005
Explores the virtues of various technologies in the educational environment, including two-way digital radios, interactive whiteboards, sophisticated HVAC controls, and facility management software.
On Top of the Learning Curve.
Raffin, Lisa Buildings; v99 n7 , p64-66 ; Jul 2005
Discusses the particular problems of school HVAC systems and advises the facilities professional on how to ensure an effective HVAC program for an entire district. Managers are urged to know the type, age, and condition of all the buildings and equipment under their care, build institutional memory with proper documentation, centralize the data, bundle projects, and properly train staff.
HVAC Systems and Mold
Camplin, Jeffrey Maintenance Solutions; Jun 2005
A variety of factors can contribute to the growth of mold in facilities, but one all-too-common culprit is HVAC equipment. The HVAC system, including piping and drain pans, can be sources of mold growth and a transportation mode for dispersing mold spores throughout a building.
Preventing mold, as well as detecting and removing it, requires an understanding of conditions that allow it to form and spread in facilities.
Energy-Efficient Renovation of Educational Buildings.
Erhorn-Kluttig, Heike PEB Exchange; v2005/2 n55 , p13,14 ; Jun 2005
Compares energy-efficient ventilation strategies from nine European countries and the U.S., assembled from 25 case studies of retrofit measures and presented with graphic analysis. Denmark's Egebjerg school is presented in detail, with a sectional view of its ventilation system.
Efficient Cooling for California Campus.
Costa, Tony ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p69,70,72,74 ; May 2005
Describes how three separate wet-bulb conditions are used by three evaporative cooling air-handling units and a chiller with an evaporatively cooled condenser to reduce electrical costs for air conditioning of a California junior college health sciences building. Includes four references.
Rethinking School Potable Water Heating Systems.
Hiller, Carl ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p48-50,52,54-56 ; May 2005
Describes results from potable water heating system field tests in two schools, providing recommendations on alternative school water heating system designs and operating practices that significantly reduce operating costs with significantly lower first cost. Designing for better adjacencies of sinks to reduce piping length, point of use water heaters in many locations, and timers to turn off recirculating loops are recommended. Includes 12 references.
Performing Arts and Aquatic Centers.
Kerbelis, Wayne ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p65,66,68 ; May 2005
Describes energy conservation strategies such as underfloor air distribution, demand control ventilation, energy recovery units, an energy management system, and direct digital controls for a high school performing arts center and aquatic center in Allegan, Michigan.
Energy-Efficient Laboratory Design.
Lemire, Nicholas; Carneux, Roland ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p58-60,62-64 ; May 2005
Evaluates energy-efficient laboratories at Montreal's Concordia University Science Complex. The goal was to design a building with energy consumption at least 25% lower than that which would comply with the Model National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings. That goal was exceeded, as the complex is 50% more efficient. The innovative and sensitive occupancy sensing, flow tracking, exhaust, and heat recovery features are described, as is the system's flexibility, accessibility, and easy maintenance.
Lessons in Curing Mold Problems.
McMillan, Hugh ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p32-34,36,37 ; May 2005
Describes the remediaton of significant recurring Summer mold outbreaks in a coastal Texas school system. Repairs and upgrades to the HVAC systems are detailed, but these were rendered less effective because year-end cleaning programs in the schools were introducing large quantities of water. Improved cleaning procedures and better training of staff were then undertaken.
Get Ready for Summer: IAQ Cleaning and Maintenance.
McPhee, Nicole School Business Affairs; v71 n5 , p24-27 ; May 2005
Discusses management steps and procedures for Summer cleaning and maintenance that address indoor air quality. Involving and communicating with all stakeholders, training custodial staff, and establishing clear accountability is emphasized. Specific HVAC maintenance and cleaning procedures are listed, along with advice for preventing mold as a result.
Continuous IAQ Monitoring.
Schelte, Robert; Bridges, Barry; Grimsrud, David ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p38-40,42,44,46 ; May 2005
Describes results of continuous, unobtrusive monitoring of air quality at 20-second intervals in 85 rooms of eight schools in Minnesota. A variety of transient environmental events that would probably have been missed by random sampling are described. Results showed that most schools needed ventilation improvements and that staff was not adequately trained on the importance of ventilation or how their systems worked. Schools with better ventilation had been the beneficiaries of a state initiative to improve ventilation, but theses schools were experiencing significantly higher energy costs due to the introduction of larger amounts of outside air and systems that were not designed to minimize fuel consumption. Includes six references.
Filtration and Building Security.
Burroughs, H.E. ASHRAE Journal; v47 n4 , p24-29 ; Apr 2005
Summarizes the use of a building's HVAC system as a barrier to protect the occupants from airborne environmental hazards. HEPA filtration, HEGA air cleaning, prefiltration, monitoring, air capture, positive pressurization, and safe havens are described. Six realities of what is possible at what costs and with what kinds of equipment are offered, as are suggestions for how to get the most of existing systems and new capital installations.
Underfloor Air Distribution: What Is It?
Kollie, Ellen College Planning and Management; v8 n4 , p42,44,46,47 ; Apr 2005
Describes the energy efficiency, comfort, indoor air quality, and sustainability benefits of under-floor air delivery. Slightly higher first costs are mitigated by lower life-cycle costs.
Switching to Summer Mode.
Lam, Mark School Planning and Management; v44 n4 , p46-50 ; Apr 2005
Advises on prevention of building problems due to excess moisture that occur when schools are closed for summer vacation. Sources of excess moisture, preparation of a written management plan, recommended inspections of the building envelope, staff training, proper HVAC levels, drying of floors after cleaning, and elimination of kitchen moisture are covered.
Devil in the HVAC Details
Westerkamp, Thomas A. Maintenance Solutions; Apr 2005
Big-ticket equipment gets most of the focus, but attention to support technology, such as water-treatment systems, can generate big savings. This discusses feedwater pumps, piping, and steam traps.
Pumps: The Heart of HVAC
Piper, James Midwest Construction; Mar 2005
Proper maintenance remains essential for efficient pump operation, but new technologies offer managers greater opportunities to control costs. This discusses improving pump efficiency, intelligent controllers, and maintenance.
Continuous Commissioning of Salt Lake Community College South City Campus.
Deng, Song; Turner, Dan; Hood, Jim; Glenn, Mike; Jones, Jerry; Lund, Bob Energy Engineering; v102 n6 , p26-28,31-38 ; 2005
Describes the measures taken and savings that resulted from the Continuous Commissioning process for the HVAC system of a 1930's community college building that was originally a high school. The energy savings amounted to 15 percent of the annual utility bill. While most of the savings were attributed to the commissioning process, part was attributed to the on-site facility operators who implemented measures over and above those recommended by the engineers.
Water Source Heat Pump for Modular Classrooms.
Forrest, Andrew; Leach, James Energy Engineering; v102 n2 , p18-38 ; 2005
Reports on an investigation of design improvement for a water source heat pump where the water was stored in flexible plastic bladders resting on the ground beneath modular classrooms. The design improvements replaced the bladders with heat exchangers constructed of PVC pipe. Design, costs, and assembly procedures for the PVC heat exchanger are presented.
The ABC's of IAQ.
Kirch, Kelly School Planning and Management; v43 n12 , p18,20-22 ; Dec 2004
Discusses the indoor air impact of paint, carpet, HVAC dessicant wheels, and HVAC chemical sensors.
Elective Course: Boiler Replacement 2002. Comprehensive Energy Savings Earns A+ at Boise State University.
Vastyan, John HVACR News; v24 n11 , p14-15 ; Nov 2004
Case study of the replacement of the boilers of the Student Union at Boise State University with newer, more efficient equipment.
Putting The Squeeze on HVAC Costs
Vito, Dennis Building Operating Management; Nov 2004
Good system design, careful management and effective maintenance are keys to reducing mechanical system energy expenditures. This discusses the following steps to take: adjust space temperature setpoints, use preventive maintenance, seek energy independence, optimize system efficiency, and negotiate better prices.
Boiling Over.
Washam, Breck; Ridgway, Robin American School and University; v77 n3 , p363-365 ; Nov 2004
Explains the effect that recent federal legislation will have on hundreds of campus coal-fired boilers across the country. Boilers emitting over 10 tons per year of any single hazardous air pollutant, or 25 tons per year of any combination of pollutant, are affected. Baghouses and their costs are described, and advice on minimizing costs and scheduling of upgrades is offered.
Moisture, Mold, and HVAC.
Burroughs, H.E. Barney; Thomann, Wayne R. The Construction Specifier; v57 n10 , p56-58,60,62,64,65 ; Oct 2004
Discusses condensation control methods and resources to prevent mold growth within HVAC systems.
An Inside Look at HVAC Filter Efficiency.
Myers, David The Construction Specifier; v57 n10 , p66-68,70-72 ; Oct 2004
Discusses standards and details of HVAC filtering, including filter efficiency, pressure drop, dust spot efficiency, dust-holding capacity, particle sizes, synthetic filter media, and how to maintain filter efficiency.
Low Maintenance, Sustainable Solutions for Chicago Schools.
Olsen, Erik ASHRAE Journal; v46 n9 , pS12-S14,S16, S17 ; Sep 2004
Describes improved HVAC systems designed to help the Chicago Public Schools initiative to maximize sustainable building potential for its schools. The new systems provide a good mix of first cost, operating costs, maintainability, and indoor environmental quality. The condensing boilers, air-cooled chillers, dual-path air handling units, displacement ventilation, and demand-controlled ventilation (CO2 sensors) are described. (Includes five references.)
HVAC Design in Animal Facilities.
Wilkins, Christopher; Waters, Brian ASHRAE Journal; v46 n9 , p35-40 ; Sep 2004
Discusses proper HVAC for laboratory animal facilities to ensure comfort and wellness of the animals, metabolic stability for clinical consistency of experimentation, and worker safety. The type of HVAC system required varies with the type of animals, the purpose for which they are being kept, and caging systems in use. Issues of temperature, humidity, biosafety, ventilation, filtration, segregation, and redundancy are detailed. (Includes nine references.)
Insulation: A Win-Win for IAQ
Casagrande, Robert Maintenance Solutions; Aug 2004
Often overlooked, insulation can help facilities improve their indoor air quality and maximize energy efficiency. This discusses building exteriors, HVAC ducts, pipe insulation, and maximizing benefits.
The Smart Campus.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v7 n8 , p52,53 ; Aug 2004
Describes "smart building" technologies that enable facilities personnel to monitor and adjust networked HVAC equipment from a central location. Smoke and fire warning devices can also be added to these systems.
Training Spotlight: HVAC Systems
Gryzkewicz, Renee Maintenance Solutions; Aug 2004
Managers seeking to improve technicians’ HVAC inspection and troubleshooting skills must make tough decisions related to worker training. To ensure workers receive proper training, managers must devote time to identify needs and training resources and overcome challenges, such as tight budgets and scheduling conflicts.
NFPA 90A Revises Standards for HVAC Systems.
Erickson, Douglas S. Facilities Manager; v20 n4 , p38-40 ; Jul-Aug 2004
Presents proposed changes to the National Fire Protection Association Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems (NFPA 90A). Areas of interest to facility managers include changes in smoke damper requirements and rules for removal of abandoned cable.
Wrap It Up.
Schakel, Eric School Planning and Management; v43 n7 , p24,26,27 ; Jul 2004
Describes improvements in sound control, temperature regulation, energy consumption, and indoor air quality that can be realized by wrapping ductwork with fiberglass insulation. The insulation helps deliver air at the desired temperature, absorbs HVAC noise which can be detrimental to classroom acoustics, and prevents condensation that can lead to mold.
The Filter Factor.
Earley, Stehpanie American School and University; v76 n11 , p30,32-35 ; Jun 2004
Explains standards for assessing filtration and energy function of HVAC filters. Filter types are described and selection criteria based on particles to be screened, maintenance considerations, air return, ambient environment, and energy performance are offered.
Air-Cooled HVAC Retrofit: Safe Bet for Vegas Schools.
Howell, Ronald; Land Donald; Scheideman, Elton ASHRAE Journal; v46 n5 , p28-30,32,34 ; May 2004
Describes in detail the HVAC retrofit of the Garrett Middle School (Las Vegas), where installation of an air-cooled chiller, closed loop chilled water system, and multizone air-handling units created a system with maintenance costs less than half of similar schools. Also presented are four acceptable and cost-effective alternatives for HVAC replacement the system's eleven remaining schools.
Underfloor for High-Tech Campus.
Inghram, David ASHRAE Journal; v46 n5 , p48-50 ; May 2004
Describes the under-the-floor HVAC system at Des Moines Area community College that takes advantage of the raised floor created for power and technology cabling. A nearby pond assists with geothermal heating and cooling. The system reduced energy costs by 43 percent.
Acoustical Case Studies of HVAC Systems in Schools.
Siebein, Gary W. ASHRAE Journal; v46 n5 , p35,36,38,39,41,42,44,46,47 ; May 2004
Describes five sources of HVAC noise and presents eight case studies describing specific school HVAC systems along with their noise abatement features.
Dual Fan, Dual Duct Goes to School.
Warden, David ASHRAE Journal; v46 n5 , p18-20,22,24-27 ; May 2004
Describes this type of system, citing a Canadian installation that enables the school to use fifty percent less heat than the next most efficient school in the system. Advice for applying the system in other climates and building types is offered.
Daylight Savings.
Soleau, David S.; Ross, Alan S. American School and University; v76 n9 , hp11-hp14 ; Apr 2004
Discusses energy recovery and savings techniques involving lighting, HVAC, and site planning.
Closing Gaps in HVAC Design
Piper, James Building Operating Management; Mar 2004
Four steps can help facility managers ensure that key efficiency principles are at the core of the HVAC system design: proper sizing; high-efficient equipment; adequate controls; and designing for maintenance.
Saving Energy in Labs.
Bartholomew, Philip ASHRAE Journal; , p35-40 ; Feb 2004
Describes the design of an HVAC system at Haverford College that recovers significant amounts of heat from laboratory hood exhaust. Higher equipment costs were more than offset by savings realized in reduced ductwork, plant size, and energy usage.
HVAC and the Environment.
Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v43 n2 , p54,56,58,59 ; Feb 2004
Describes how properly designed HVAC systems improve indoor air quality by regulating humidity, removing pollutants, and mixing in fresh air.
Going 'Green' with Hybrid HVAC.
Shapiro, Leon E. School Planning and Management; v43 n2 , p66,67 ; Feb 2004
Describes hybrid HVAC systems that combine technologies to use of 100% outside air, yet return substantial energy savings.
IAQ and the Older Facility
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; Jan 2004
Attention to key HVAC components can help managers improve the indoor environment in aging facilities. This discusses air handlers, filtration equipment, and cooling towers.
The California Portable Classroom Study and Its Impact on Classroom Ventilation.
Miller, Layne Commercial Modular Construction; , 3p. ; Oct 2003
This article explores why the Environmental Health Conditions in California’s Portable Classrooms study, released in 2003, was conducted and what the results mean with regard to the heating, cooling, and ventilation of classrooms.
Energy/IAQ: In Equal Measure.
Frenette, Edward; Dion, Martine; Halm, Patrick; Ferzacca, Nick; Oldeman, Andy American School and University; v75 n11 , p34,36-37,40-41 ; Jul 2003
Discusses the importance of heating, ventilating, lighting and furnishings in providing K-12 and college students with a high quality, comfortable educational environment that is conducive to learning, focusing on the range of spaces comprising a typical campus: general studies classrooms, larger spaces, special spaces (e.g., laboratories and museums), gymnasiums, natatoriums, and ice arenas.
Report Card on Humidity Control.
Fischer, John C.; Bayer, Charlene W. ASHRAE Journal; v45 n5 , p30-39 ; May 2003
Reports on an investigation of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62-1999 on outdoor ventilation rates and space humidity levels for schools. Examined conventional cooling versus desiccant-based systems designed to control indoor humidity levels. Discusses the effectiveness of systems investigated, benefits offered by humidity control, and the need for increased ventilation.
Cool & Dry: Dual-Path Approach for a Florida School.
Khattar, Mukesh; Shirey, Don, III; Raustad, Richard ASHRAE Journal; v45 n5 , p58-60 ; May 2003
Describes how the Brevard County School District in Florida teamed with companies EPRI and Florida Power and Light to implement a dual-path, low temperature air-distribution system used in conjunction with thermal energy storage.
HVAC Systems and Acoustics. Quiet Comfort
Schakel, Eric G.; Tinianov, Brandon Buildings; , p44-47 ; May 2003
Both the equipment and the duct work in HVAC systems are often the culprits in creating and transmitting unwanted noise. This discusses controlling noise in air-handling systems. A sidebar explores HVAC noise and learning.
Mold and Environmental Issues.
Bovard, Tim School Planning and Management; v42 n3 , p16-22 ; Mar 2003
Describes the effects of improperly insulated chilled water distribution systems on mold and mildew in occupied buildings, its health risks, prevention, economic impact, and solution.
Helping Facilities Keep Their Cool
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; Mar 2003
Discusses the use of portable cooling systems that are highly flexible units that can be used to back up the building’s air-conditioning system in the event of the loss of air-conditioning.
ARI's Views on ANSI S12.60-2002.
Darbeau, Michele ASHRAE Journal; v45 n2 , p27 ; Feb 2003
States the position of the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) toward ANSI Standard 12.60, which addresses classroom acoustics. Explains why it believes the standard creates an overly stringent requirement.
Sound in the Classroom: Why Children Need Quiet.
Nelson, Peggy B. ASHRAE Journal; v45 n2 , p22-25 ; Feb 2003
Discusses important concepts regarding children's need for specialized acoustical standards in classrooms: (1) all children need good acoustics to understand familiar words and to learn new information; (2) children who have hearing loss, those learning in a second language, and those with auditory or attention problems need even more favorable acoustics; and (3) classrooms are frequently too noisy for learning. Discusses a new classroom acoustics standard.
ANSI Standard: Complying with Background Noise Limits.
Schaffer, Mark E. ASHRAE Journal; v45 n2 , p26-27 ; Feb 2003
Discusses the new classroom acoustics standard, ANSI Standard S12.60, which specifies maximum sound level limits that are significantly lower than currently typical for classrooms. Addresses guidelines for unducted HVAC systems, ducted single-zone systems, and central VAV or multizone systems.
Chilling Out Cooling Costs.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v6 n1 , p20-21 ; Jan 2003
Describes how at Ohio University, the design and construction of the initial phase of a campuswide chilled water system is proving to cut electric costs.
Investigating and Diagnosing Moisture Problems.
Lstiburek, Joseph ASHRAE Journal; , p36-41 ; Dec 2002
Water comes in four forms: solid, liquid, vapor and adsorbed. All four forms can cause grief to building owners, designers, and contractors. When water causes building problems, investigating and diagnosing the problem can be challenging because water constantly changes it form inside a building and within its materials. The investigator must hunt down the water by thinking like water.
Chiller Replacement: Making the Case.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions ; Nov 2002
With operating costs over the life of a chiller greatly exceeding its initial cost, replacing an older chiller with one that delivers higher efficiency can greatly reduce overall electricity costs. Gathering and analyzing data builds the foundation needed to make a cost-effective decision to replace a chiller.
Going?Going?Green.
Crowther, Hugh American School and University; v75 n1 , p36-40 ; Sep 2002
Discusses how the mandated phasing out of the most common refrigerant, HCFC R-22, will affect future cooling-system decisions for schools. Address the relevant legislation, environmental implications, possible coolant replacements, and retrofitting systems.
Choosing a Geothermal as an HVAC System.
Lensenbigler, John D. College Planning and Management; v5 n7 , p30,32 ; Jul 2002
Describes the process of selecting and installing geothermal water source heat pumps for new residence halls at Johnson Bible College in Knoxville, Tennessee, including choosing the type of geothermal design, contractors, and interior equipment, and cost and payback.
How Cool Is Your Roof?
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v4 n12 , p20-22 ; Dec 2001
Explains a concept called cool roof that is used to reduce electricity costs for air conditioning, and also reduce the price of air conditioning units. Discusses the light reflecting capabilities of metal roofing as well as coatings that can stop leaks.
Flexible HVAC System for Lab or Classroom.
Friedan, Jonathan ASHRAE Journal; v43 n11 , p38-39,41 ; Nov 2001
Discusses an effort to design a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system flexible enough to accommodate an easy conversion of classrooms to laboratories and dry labs to wet labs. The design's energy efficiency and operations and maintenance are examined.
No Sweat.
Strickland, Gary American School and University; v74 n3 , p363-64 ; Nov 2001
Explains how changes in school design in the last 10 years have caused heating, ventilation, and cooling system (HVAC) designers to reexamine their choice of classroom unit ventilators (UV). The influence of indoor lighting systems, insulation, indoor air quality, energy code compliance, and HVAC system design on UV decision making are also discussed, as are advancements in UV systems.
The Perils: Seeking Simplicity Helps.
Schulz, Fred C. Consulting-Specifying Engineer; v29 n6 , p18-20,22 ; Jun 2001
Reveals how seeking simplicity can help bring indoor air quality (IAQ) solutions to grade schools by balancing IAQ needs, cost, and energy. Issues involving ventilation rate requirements are reexamined, as are compliance with outside-air requirements, dealing with variable-air-volume air distribution regulators, and retrofitting issues involving overhead air-distribution systems.
Graduating to Better IAQ.
Wilson, Scott Consulting-Specifying Engineer; v29 n6 , p24-26,28,30 ; Jun 2001
Highlights the different design approaches that may be taken and the HVAC systems that result depending on the type of educational facility involved, be it an elementary, secondary, or postsecondary institution. Explores school indoor air quality issues and highlights the roles and responsibilities of IAQ project participants. A case study describing how a university solved a mold problem in its library is included.
Maximizing Financial and Operating Benefits of a Comprehensive Central Plant.
Bhan, Chander Facilities Manager; v17 n1 , p31-33 ; Jan-Feb 2001
Discusses the organizational and contractual concepts behind making a school s central plant s production more reliable and cost effective. A description of the Energy Services Coalition s contribution to the process and its services are highlighted.
Water and Air: The Right Mix
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions Online; Jan 2001
Controlling humidity in building spaces once was limited to specific areas such as computer rooms, where air that was too moist could corrode electrical contacts and air that was too dry could result in damaging static electricity. But growing concerns over indoor air quality (IAQ) and an awareness of the role that relative humidity plays in health, comfort, and productivity has made humidity control an important issue in most commercial and institutional facilities. This article discusses causes of high and low humidity and examines corrections that can be made.
Is That Boiler Ready To Blow?
Robinson, Glenn S.; Trombley, Robert E. College Planning and Management; v4 n1 , p72,74 ; Jan 2001
Discusses implementation of a thorough assessment program to determine the condition of boilers, pressure vessels, and other plant equipment to determine the feasibility of replacing all or part of an entire system. Assessment basics are examined as are tips for selecting the right inspection and engineering contractor to perform the assessments.
Evaluating an Ice-Storage System in a Deregulated Environment.
Staniewicz, Theodore J.; Watson, Joseph J. Facilities Manager; v17 n1 , p35-37 ; Jan-Feb 2001
Examines the difficulties the electric industry's deregulation created for St. Joseph's University's (Philadelphia) development of a thermal ice-storage system as part of its HVAC design and the school's solution. A monthly equipment summary sheet with year-to-date figures is provided.
Remaining Vigilant on Refrigerants
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions Online; Dec 2000
Describes how organizations that have implemented comprehensive refrigerant management programs have reduced their dependency on CFC refrigerants and also reduced operating costs. Discusses the steps to take to develop a refrigerant management program, the criteria to use to generate and assess inventory, the need to categorize equipment, and the need to anticipate and harness new chiller designs and types of refrigerant.
Ductless Systems
Kozlowski, David Maintenance Solutions Online; Nov 2000
Ductless heating and cooling systems serve some applications well, and if they are designed, operated and
maintained properly, they can provide many years of good service. Strategies for maximizing the
benefits and minimizing the challenges of these systems.
Going for a Dip.
Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v3 n11 , p36-38-40 ; Nov 2000
Explains how Cornell University is using lake water to cool 40 percent of the space in its central campus. Payback cost estimates and design and engineering issues are examined.
Airing It Out.
Fitzemeyer, Ted American School and University; v73 n2 , p20,22,25 ; Oct 2000
Discusses how proper maintenance can help schools eliminate sources contributing to poor air quality. Maintaining heating and air conditioning units, investigating bacterial breeding grounds, fixing leaking boilers, and adhering to ventilation codes and standards are discussed.
Running Out of Steam.
Kumar, Promod American School and University; v72 n11 , p36,38-40 ; Jul 2000
Explains why schools should evaluate their older steam-heating systems to determine whether this equipment is economical or needs to be repaired or replaced. Summarizes symptoms of deterioration. Defines the three main areas of steam heating systems to scrutinize when deciding whether to repair or replace: boilers, distribution system, and terminal equipment.
Motor Matters
Westerkamp, Thomas Maintenance Solutions Online; Jun 2000
Matching the right motors and drives to HVAC applications is essential for
energy efficiency. The two most important factors in keeping motor energy cost under control
are specifying the right equipment for the application and maintaining it
properly so it continues to perform efficiently and cost-effectively.
The Effect of Computers on School Air-Conditioning.
Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v39 n5 , p46,48,50 ; May 2000
Discusses the issue of increased air-conditioning demand when schools equip their classrooms with computers that require enhanced and costlier air-conditioning systems. Air-conditioning costs are analyzed in two elementary schools and a middle school.
Seven Steps to Chiller Efficiency
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions ; Apr 2000
Building chillers are the single largest energy-using component in facilities. So proper chiller operation
and maintenance is critical to an organization’s energy efficiency. Issues such as routine and preventive maintenance tasks to be performed, chiller overhauls, and chiller
replacement are critical, given the chiller’s impact on the bottom line. Bad choices will result in high
operating costs, low system reliability and dissatisfied customers.
Defeating the Drips.
Moss, Lincoln School Planning and Management; v39 n3 , p34-36 ; Mar 2000
Discusses a holistic approach to preventing moisture penetration of exterior walls in modular school buildings, emphasizing the related topics of roof leaks and roof waterproofing, condensation, and HVAC design.
Fire Down Below.
Drummond, Steven Education Week; v19 n22 , p32-37 ; Feb 09, 2000
Explores some of the problems associated with coal burning boilers in educational facilities and the extent of their use in the New York City public school system. Also highlighted are some of the changes and issues schools encounter when they convert from coal to oil or gas. [Free subscriber registration is required.]
Noise in the Classroom: Understanding the Problem.
Lilly, Jerry G. ASHRAE Journal; v42 n2 , p21-22,24,26,28-29 ; Feb 2000
Presents guidelines for designing classroom HVAC systems that will be able to achieve lower background noise levels that conform to the NC-30 background noise rating level. Guidelines for both central and dedicated systems are offered revealing that the use of conventional HVAC system components can be used to achieve sound levels comparable to NC-30.
HVAC Trials.
Greim, Clifton W.; DAngelo, David American School and University; v72 n4 , p22, 24-25 ; Dec 1999
Explains how commissioning can help to ensure that all components in a new heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system will work together as designed. Bowdoin College's experience with commissioning is highlighted.
Back to the Earth.
Abnee, Conn American School and University; v72 n3 , p316-18 ; Nov 1999
Discusses how schools can use geothermal technology to conserve energy and save money. How geothermal climate control works and its payback are examined, and examples of development and use are highlighted.
A Blueprint for IAQ.
Quraishi, Arif; Kapfer, Tom American School and University; v72 n1 , p.46-49 ; Sep 1999
Presents practical solutions to school indoor air quality problems. Areas
where school administrators should set IAQ goals and provide resources
are listed, and tips for HVAC maintenance and cleaning to reduce air
pollutants are provided.
Innovation & Risk Management Result in Energy and Life-Cycle Savings
Anstrand, David E.; Singh, J. B. HPAC Engineering; v71 n8 , p52-54,56,58-59 ; Aug 1999
Examines a Pennsylvania school's successful planning, design, and bidding process for acquiring a geothermal heat pump(GHP)system whose subsequent efficiency became award-winning for environmental excellence. Charts and statistical tables describe the GHP's energy-savings. Concluding comments review the lessons learned from the process.
Rethinking Classroom Acoustics: Part One
Grondzik, Walter E Design News; Apr 06, 1999
Report on a seminar on classroom acoustics at the ASHRAE
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air-Conditioning Engineers) Winter Meeting in Chicago.
Clearing the Air about IAQ.
Seyffer, Charles School Planning and Management; v38 2 , p54-57 ; Feb 1999
Discusses how to spot indoor air quality (IAQ) problems in schools and possible actions to take to eliminate them. It highlights the types of pollutants that contribute to IAQ deterioration and the physical symptoms commonly associated with them, and suggests ways of addressing older heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems to improve air quality.
Heating and Cooling from the Ground Up.
Jackson, Lisa M. School Planning and Management; v37 n11 , p32,34,36,37 ; Nov 1998
Explains why converting to geothermal heating and cooling is a good option when constructing or retrofitting schools. Reasons discussed include competitive installation costs, lower operating and maintenance costs, greater building design flexibility, and greater user satisfaction.
Ice Storage System for School Complex
Montgomery, Ross D. ASHRAE Journal; v40 n7 , p52-56 ; Jul 1998
Describes the pilot project conducted at the Manatee Education Center in Naples, Florida, which won the 1998 ASHRAE Technology Award for Institutional Buildings/New. Project involved the implementation of ice storage technology in 19 elementary and middle school buildings. Discusses the project performance and compares the energy efficiency and cost savings of ice storage systems with the traditional chiller plant design of two other schools. Provides four tables illustrating annual maintenance costs, construction and energy costs, energy dollars spent in 1995-96 and energy usage in 1995-96 for the three campuses. Addresses the maintenance and operation of the ice storage system and the ASHRAE guidelines that the project followed.
Controlling the Climate of Your Schools: Tips On Choosing an HVAC System.
Phelan, John G. School Planning and Management; v37 n7 , p18-21 ; Jul 1998
Provides tips on choosing a school heating/ventilation and air conditioning system that meets a school's needs and budget. Assessing a school's needs and suggestions for making the final decision are addressed. Data tables are provided that compare various systems, including costs, maintenance, and life expectancy.
Breaking Ground.
American School and University; v70 n10 , p30-32,34 ; Jun 1998
Explains how using geothermal systems can reduce energy costs and improve heating and cooling in multipurpose schools. What geothermal systems are and their potential benefits in simplifying the school infrastructure and streamlining operating costs are highlighted.
Practical Guide to HVAC for Schools
Supplement to ASHRAE Journal; v40 n6 , p12-26,28-30,33-35, 37-39 ; Jun 1998
Features six articles on heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems for schools. Examines how to avoid air temperature complaints when choosing a system; special system features; engineers, indoor air quality, and schools; mechanical systems noise in classrooms; operation and management issues related to design; and details on bids and bonds. Contains 16 figures and charts; each article includes references.
Geothermal Systems for School
Dinse, David H. ASHRAE Journal; v40 n5 , p51-54 ; May 1998
Describes an award winning school heating and cooling system in which two energy efficient technologies, variable flow pumping and geothermal heat pumps, were combined. The basic system schematic and annual energy use and cost savings statistics are provided.
An Air of Concern.
Singer, Terry E.; et al. American School and University; v70 n9 , p40,42,44,46 ; May 1998
Poor indoor air quality is a common problem in schools. Deferred maintenance and aging HVAC systems are a major cause of schools’ IAQ problems. Examines how indoor air quality (IAQ) problems can create difficulties for a school administratively and legally. How to identify the IAQ symptoms and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's industry standards for IAQ are discussed as are tips for reducing liability risk.
Considerations to Prevent Growth and Spread of Legionella in HVAC Systems.
Coleman, Jeff American School and Hospital Maintenance; , p13,16,18 ; Apr 1998
Discusses the threat posed by the Legionnaire's Disease bacterium and the germ's ability to thrive in HVAC systems, especially in standing water. Describes ways to minimize disease risk through HVAC system design, such as locating cooling towers away from air intakes, and ways to maintain a clean system.
Going Straight to the Source.
Crawford, Gary N. American School and University; v70 n6 , p26, 28 ; Feb 1998
Explains how a well-designed heating and air conditioning system with good facility maintenance can prevent most indoor air quality problems in schools. Attention to issues of leak prevention and sanitation are stressed.
HVAC System Selection.
Bullock, Larry SchoolPlace Newsletter [McGranahan Architects]; v2 n3 ; 1998
Discusses making informed decisions when choosing the “right” heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system for new or modernized educational facilities.
Life-cycle Costing: Add it to Your HVAC Vocabulary, OK?
Smithart, Eugene L. Engineered Systems; Jan 1998
This discusses committing the time, manpower, and money to help the HVAC industry learn to speak the financial language, to move more applications to life-cycle cost evaluations, and to make decisions that are both business- and earth-wise.
HVAC Design for Schools
Zagar, Robert A. HPAC Engineering; Dec 1992
Understanding HVAC requirements of school buildings is not enough. The design engineer must be a good communicator to determine the owner's true desires and expectations and to solve design problems within the skill levels of operating personnel.
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